HIST 151 1st Edition Lecture 24Monasticism, Church Reform, & the Crusades- Tensions?- Compromises made?o Consequences of those compromises?- What can it tell us about the Middle Ages?Christianityworld denial/ Renunciation (bigger picture of heaven and immortality of the soul)- In Egypt, movement to desert. Why?o Escape prosecutions o Separation from “nominal” Christians- Legalization of Christianity in Rome (313)o “Opportunity” for martyrdom disappearso monasticism = new, bloodless martyrdom “Athletes of God”o Asceticism- 2 types monasticismo Eremitic HermitssolitudeChrist in desert- Ex. St. Anthony of Egypt (d. 356)o 1st monko written life by Athanasiuso moved to desert, struggled with demons and community, sought solititude o renounces family fortuneo Egyptiano Coenobitic Stresses community life- Ex. St Pachomius (4th century)o Egyptiano Man is social; solitude brings despairo Founded monastery, 1300 followersThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Enforced strict obedience o Manual labor emphasized, “products” supported monasteryo Physically tortured themselves; ultimate renunciation (separation of body)- How does monasticism move to Western Europe?o Athanasius Exiled to Western Europe mid 4th century Had literature of fathers translated to Latin (esp. life of Anthony) Desert fathers made popularo Martin of tours (316-397)o Pilgrims brought back accounts of monks from their travels - Rule of St. Benedict or Benedictine Rule (540)o Benedict of Nursa (480-550)o Coenobitic; hermits allowed, but discourageso Military in character, strict guidelines, scheduleo Complete obedience to abbot—stands in for Christo Develops from Palhomius & Basil plus Rule of Master (500)o Rule copied innumerable tims Rare for medieval manuscript; indicative of its importance- Monasterieso Centers of learning and development Ex. Scriptorium- libraryo Hospitalso Receive gifts of land and other richeso Become part of “feudal” systemo A center of wealth, they need protection from violence/ raiderso Change on horizon- Cluny & Church reformo Cluny (910)o Commissioned by duke and duchess of Aquitaineo Strict observance of Benedictine rule o Major reforms Clerical celibacy Treatment of pooro New monasteries replicate Cluny- Reform and Papacyo Ideals of Cluny spread to church high officeo Clerical marriage & simony = sale of church offices Consequence of church being “too involved” in the worldo Monasticization of world Ex. Ceo IX (r. 1049-1054): 1st reform pope- Presided over church councils; traveled around Europe- Made “primal” papacy- Investiture Conflict (1076-1122)o Pope Gregory VII then vs. king Henry IV (German)o Henry invests arch bishop of Milan, Italyo Henry IV forced to reconcile w/ Gregory o Civil war in Germanyo Henry invades Rome, sends Gregory to exileo Final compromise- concordat of worms (1122)- Crusades o Born out of reform movemento Leo IX & Gregory VII theorized about “holy violence” Gregory VII pitched his own crusade plano Urban II & Claremot in 1095 1st “first’ crusade “god wills it!”o liberation of Judio why didn’t people go on Crusade? Not a “land grab” by “second sons” Too expensive, too prestigious  Most crusaders returned homeo People went on crusade  Sincerely held religious reasons Crusades tapped into cultural notions of piety Crusades were a violent and terrible pilgrimageo Other Crusades 2nd – failure b/c no one wins; (1147) 3rd (1189) 4th (1204) Albigensian crusade (1209-1229)- Inquisition founded in 1230o Rooting out heretics St. Louis (1214-1270); 7th & 8th Fall of Acre (1291) Missionaries to Asia 13th and 14th century “crusades” continue to end of 18th century - Take Away Pointso Church vs. “World”--?o Changes in monasticism reflect social changeo Position of popeCrusades—how do the Middle Ages inform the