ANTH 120 1st Edition Lecture 23Outline of Last Lecture II. Dispersal “Out of Africa” and Archaic Homo SapiensOutline of Current Lecture III. Middle Pleistocene 780-125 KACurrent LectureArchaic Homo sapiens / Homo heidelberaensisArchaic Evidence and Behavior: Europe- Key Fossils and Sites:o Greece: Petralonao (250-150KA) 1230 cc Nuchal torus and sulcus Occipital bun Neanderthal traits Wide nose  Zygomatic (Cheek) Angledo Germany: Blizinglesben, Steinheim, Mauro England: Boxgrove, Swanscombeo Spain: Atapuerca  Atapuerca MountainsSima del Elefante, 1.2-1.1 MA-Fossil: ATE-1 Mandible (H.sp.)-Artifacts: 4 flakes, 5 waste flakes-Earliest Site in EuropeSima de los Huesos, 600 Ka-H. heidelbergensis-500 hominin remains, 32 individuals-Carnivore and carnivore modification-Individuals fell or dumped into pit-1125cc-1390cc-Moderately developed-Wide faceThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Wide Nose-Puffy and billowy cheek area-Angled cheek-Intermediate between Neanderthals and H. erectusEuropean Cultural Remains- Achulean, Sima de los Huesos 600ka- Oldowan, Sima del Elefante 1.2 ma- Levallois Technique 250kao Pre-forming the flake before they take it off of the coreo Manipulating the entire core by taking a number of small flakes o More fore-thought in order to get the product- Schoningen, Germany, ~400kyao Spearso 6 ft. in lengtho All made from the exact same type of tree, whittled the tree down to make the tip of the spear from the bottom of the tree, the tip of the spears were burntAfrican and Asian Archaics- Homo rhodesiensis?  Specific to Africa- African Variations: Bodo, Ndutu, Broken Hill- Bodoo ~600Ka Ethiopiao Bodo, Ethiopiao Middle Awasho Achulean Toolso 1250 cco Massive face, huge nose, inflated infraorbital, no canine fossao Thick projecting supraorbital torus- Ndutuo ~400Ka Tanzaniao Ndutu, Tanzaniao Olduvai Gorgeo Achulean toolso 1090 cco Smaller face/nose, canine fossao Thin projecting SOT- Broken Hill (Kabwe) o 400-300ka ZambiaAsian Evidence- Jinniushan (Yinkou), Liaoning Provence ~200 Kao 310-200 Kao H. sapiens: 1390 cc (brain), thin vault and face, expanded vault, zygomatico H. erectus: supraorbital torus, occipital torus?- Dali, Shaanxi Province ~200Kao 180-230Kao 1100-1200cco Erectus like: thick cranial bones, low frontalo Large supraorbital toruso Cranial breadth high on temporal, canine fossa, flatter face, gracile zygomaInterpreting the Evidence- Who leads to modern humans?- Recent African Origin: Africa  Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe only Africa- Multiregional Continuity: Africa  Africa, Asia, Aust., Europe all equally contributedThe Neanderthals: Late Archaics Europe: Homo neanderthalensis:- Geographic and Temporal Distributiono 150 (250)-27kyao Europe, Middle East, Western Asia- History of Neanderthal Discoveryo First discovered 1829 Enis Cave, Belgium 1848 Forbes Quarry, Gilbraltar 1856 Limestone quarry in the Neander Valley (Neanderthal 1)- Homo neanderthalensis (1864)o 1856  Neander Thal (Nander Valley), Germanyo Anatomy / Morphology Large Infraorbital  Large nasal aperture, large prominent nasal bones Low forehead Occipital bun Robust Cranial Capacity 1300-1750, 1500 average Profile: rounded low receding forehead High, prominent nose No chin Angled zygomatic, low Mid-facial projection (convex/billowed) Wide face and wide nose Retro molar space  space behind the third molar Double arch brow ridgeo Neanderthal Dentition as Tools Warn down white enamel on tooth, they are using their teeth as tools , going to the root of the tooth Premature ware on their dentitiono Built for the Cold Short and stocky Powerfully muscular Robust skeletonBergmann’s Rule Cold adapted animals are larger Reduced surface area to body size (reduce heat loss Warm climates 3:1 and Cold Climates 3:2 Decreasing temperatures, higher volume relative to surface area Trunk increases for heat conservationAllen’s Rule Cold adapted short limbs Heat adapted have long limbs Reduce surface area through which heat escapes Warm Climate 7:4 and Cold Climates 6:4Decreasing temperature, surface area decreases relative to volumeNeanderthal DNA- mtDNA: outside range of modern humanso Neanderthals are distinct from H. sapienso 3x as different from modern human average than modern humans are from each othero Neanderthals are very similar to each other—despite differences in geography and age- Nuclear DNAo Neanderthals and modern humans are very similar (99%)o 1-4% genetic contribution of Neanderthals to H. sapiens of European and Asian decento Neanderthals most distant from