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CSU ANTH 120 - Exam 3 Study Guide

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ANTH 120 1nd EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Identifying HomininesPaleoanthropology  study of early hominines and fossil primates Physical / Biological + Archeological, AnthropologyHominin: Any human and our direct fossil ancestors that MUST be bipedalOsteology: study of skeletal materialRemember: 6 Steps to Becoming Human1. Bipedalism2. Smaller canine tooth, non-honing3. Material Culture4. Increased brain size5. Fully opposable thumbs with precision grip6. Cultural Symbolism and artHow do you recognize a hominin when you see one?1. Bipedalisma. Unique locomotion among mammalsb. Adaption to balance on two limbsc. Adaptions to resist compressive forcesd. Adaption for endurance running and endurance walkinge. In a quadruped center of gravity goes through back to ground, balancing weight over four legs; HOMININS center of gravity falls between two feet when standing with legs extendedNon-Human Walking2. Highly inefficient3. Bent hip, bent knee4. Lateral displacement of center of gravityHuman Bipedal GaitTwo Phases1. Stance (support) Phase Heel strike, mid-stance, terminal stance, toe of2. Swing Phase  Toe of, mid-swing, terminal swing, hell strike60% of gait cycle is stance phase 40% is swing phase***1 gait cycle = stance phase and swing phase***Skeletal Adaptions to Bipedalism1. Cranium2. Spine3. Pelvis4. Femur5. Foot2. Spinal Curvatures Hominines have s-shaped trait that keeps balance over feet and distributed between front and back- 24 vertebras- Our spines are curved, other primates have straight spines- 2 curves in our spine MAINTAIN BALANCEo Thoracic Curvatureo Lumbur Lordosis (curvature)Quadrupeds have C-shaped spine  most bend knees or fall forward3. Pelvis Illum, Ischium, Pubis- Wide, rounded and short- Basin shaped to support internal organs- Wide pelvis makes room for babies- Shorter: stabilizes weight transmission from lower back to hip joint - Curved illium for re-orientationof gluteal muscleso Gluteus minimizes and gluteus medius Located on the side of body Keep trunk over legs- In hominine stabilityo Gluteus Maximus Keeps trunk upright over legs- In primates, these muscles are on the back, whereas in hominines they are on the side4. Femur- Large head, valgus angle, patellar groove- Bipedal traits of femurs (head and neck and diaphusis/shaft/body)o Large femoral heado Valgus angle  when on flat surface, hominine, femur is angled Pushes all height toward center of gravityo Patellar groove, lateral lip Prevents patella from dislocating Recognizing Hominins Hominins  human and our direct fossil ANCESTOR, must be BIPEDALHuman Bipedal Gait: Stance phase (all weight is on one leg) and swing phase (the leg swings over the stance phase)Gait = Stance + Swing of one legBipedal Gait of a Nonhuman Primate: bent hip, bent kneeSkeletal Adaptations to Bipedalism1. Cranium2. Spine  s-shaped curvature evenly distributes the weight over the body3. Pelvis  wide, rounded and short, its important because it can all of our internal organs, wide for big headed babiesa. The illium is the top rounded section that is where the gluteus medium and maximum attach4. Femur  large head, valgus angle, patellar groove5. Foot  2 arches, adducted big toe, large heel, short toesAdaptions of the FootA. Short, straight phalanges (tiny short little toes)B. First tow and metatarsal, straight and largeC. Large heels  all of the weight comes down on the heelD. Adducted big toe  the toe is close to all of the other toesFoot Arches:1. Longitudinal Arch  from the heel to the toes2. Transverse Arch  right to left- They are important for maintaining the foot and shock absorption- They act as rubber bands to release energy when moving forward from the stance phaseHealth Problems in Humans due to our Peculiar Locomotion1. Lumbar / Lower back paina. All upper body weight is placed on lumbar vertebrae2. Difficulty during childbirtha. Narrow pelvis are good for keeping center of gravity smallb. But BAD for birthing large headed infants3. Foot Problems4. Knee dislocationsa. Large quadriceps tend to pull patella out of lateral lipb. Ligaments (ACL and PCL) tearWill you know a Hominine when you see one?1. Bipedal Traits2. Cranial Features3. DentitionCranial Differences:1. Bipedal Adaptations2. Increased Brain Size3. Sexual Dimorphism4. Cultural Adaptations to Food ProcessingA. Cranial Vault Sizea. High Encephalization  big brain relatively small bodyb. Human = 1350 cc and Non-Human 450 ccB. Cranial Vault Shapea. Human = small face and large vault and Non-Human = small vault large faceb. Orthognathic  Flat face (Human)c. Prognathic  Projecting Face (Non Human)d. Foramen Magnum is toward the back of the cranium with diagonal axis in a non human primatee. Foramen Magnum (big hole where the spinal cord goes to get to the brain) is towards the front of the cranium with vertical axis in a humanf. Humans have small nuchal muscles and non humans have large nuchal musclesDentitionA. Hominin  small, spatulate canines (incisor), sexual monomorphic, NO DiastemaChimp  large, conical canines, sexually dimorphicB. The shape of the P3 (3rd premolar) is unicuspid and sectorial  sharpening the canineC. U-shaped arcade in Non-human primates in human it’s a parabolic arcade (wider and further forward)Why Bipedalism? Some hypothesesA. Travel EfficiencyB. Reduced Heat LoadC. Carry Food and BabiesD. Efficient Food Harvestinga. Charles Darwin’s Hunting Hypothesisi. Bipedalism freed hands for carrying weaponsii. Tool production and use is essential for development of human intelligenceiii. Intelligence increased; size of canines diminished1. New evidence shows this not to be the caseb. Patchy Forest Hypothesis: Peter Rodman and Henry McHenry’si. Greater efficient moving on two limbsii. As forests fragmented (food was scarce)1. Bipedalism freed hands to pick up food2. Allowing both tree and ground food resources be exploitedc. Pete Wheeler  Solar radiation, cool the bodyi. Less solar radiation and more wind, lower body temperaturesd. Arboreal Biped  gain access to more food resources, selective advantage: access to food stuf from flexible branches…safelyPaleoanthropology  study of earlier homininesHominines: Humans and our direct fossil ANCESTORS, must be BIPEDALNeed to Know:1. Genus and species name2. Significance3. Defining Traitsa. Cranial Traitsb. Dental Adaptationsc. Post Cranial Adaptations4. Site/Locations (Where)a. Environment5. Date


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