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CSU ANTH 120 - Early Fossil Hominines

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ANTH 120 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. Recognizing HomininsII. Adaptations of the footIII. Traits Associated with BipedalismOutline of Current Lecture I. Early Fossil HomininesCurrent LecturePaleoanthropology  study of earlier homininesHominines: Humans and our direct fossil ANCESTORS, must be BIPEDALNeed to Know:1. Genus and species name2. Significance3. Defining Traitsa. Cranial Traitsb. Dental Adaptationsc. Post Cranial Adaptations4. Site/Locations (Where)a. Environment5. Date Range (When)“Early Hominines” 5 Genera, 12+ SpeciesGenus1. Sahelanthropus  7-6 MYA2. Orrorin  6 MYA3. Ardipithecus  4.4 MYA4. Australopithecus: 5 + species  4.2-2.5 MYAa. True bipedsb. Climbing armsc. Small brainThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Small, non-honing caninese. Large molars and premolars5. Paranthropus: 3 species  2.5-1.4 MYAa. Megamolars and premolarsb. GIANT dentitionBipedal?  Scientists only had the cranium to look off of and work with, look at the cranial magnumWhere were the first Hominins?1. East Africao Great Rift Valleyo High volcanic activity  good to use for dating o Radiometric dating  strong and secure dating methods to get solid dates2. South Africao Paleomago Biostratigraphy3. Central (Chad)o Paleomago BiostratigraphyPre-Australopithecus 7-4.5 Million years ago (MA)1. Sahelanthropus2. Orrorin3. Ardipithecus- Bipeds ?  Are they really bipedal?- Large face and Jaws  big faces and small brains, looking ape-ish in face morphology- C/P3 Honing diminished Sahelanthropus- Discoverer:o Brunet, et al. in 2002 (Nature)- Location and Time:o Chad, 7.4-5.2 MYA Biostratigraphy- Environment:o Closed forest near lake- Significance:o This is the earliest fossil hominine that we have!o Outside of East Africao BiostratigraphyFauna similar to Lothagam, Kenya, radiostopically dated to 5.2-7.4 MYA.- Derivedo Vertical Faceo Smaller non-honing canines Apical wear pattern  teeth are wearing down from the bottom o Anterior foramen magnum- Primitiveo Large brow ridgeo Small brain (320-380 cc)o U-shaped dental arcadeOrrorin tugenensis  “Original Man”- Martin Pickford and Brigitte Senut- Time Rangeo 6Ma, k/Aro Tugen Hills, Kenya- Discoverer: Senut, 11 fossils- Environment: Woody/ forest- No determined brain size- Derivedo Leg fragments = bipedalism Large, spherical femoral head- Primitiveo Large upper canineso Humeral climbing adaptations Humerus and hand phalanx show climbing adaptations- Significance  Bipedal traitsArdipithecus- 4.4 MYA, Ethiopia- Science Journal published an entire issue on Ardipithecus in October 2009- Discover: Tim White and colleagues- Two Specieso Ard. Ramiduso Ard. Kadaba- Age and Locality: o 4.4 Ma (Ar/Ar)o Middle Awash, Ethiopiao Woodland Patchy forest- 284 specimens representing 36 individuals- ARA-VP-6/500 Museum number- Derivedo Non-honing facet on P3o Incisiform canineo No dimorphism- Primitiveo Unicuspid P3- Pelviso The illiad crest is much wider, more human like, bipedal- Footo Straighter toes than chimpso Big toe abductiono Moderate to large curvature of phalangeso Derived: expansion of the apical tuftso 2 arches presentsPlesiomorphies:- Long manual phalanges- Abducted big toe, long toes- IMI  close to 100- Strong elbow suggesting climbing- Locomotion: arboreal palmigradyApomorphies:- Forward foramen magnum- Illium points anteriorly- Lateral and transverse foot arches, apical tufts on toes- Locomotion: Occasional biped- Small brain sizeBehavior- Omnivorous (trees and ground)- Arboreal “palmigrade clambering”- No suspension, VC, KW- Facultative bipedSignificance- Last common ancestors of humans and African apes were NOT chimpanzee-like. - Hominins and extant African apes are each highly specialized, but through very different evolutionary pathways. - Argues against the hypothesis that inhabitation of grasslands was the driving force in theorigin of upright


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