ANTH 120 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture 1. The Geological Framework for Evolution: Dating Methods and FossilsOutline of Current Lecture 2. Primate Origins and EvolutionsCurrent LecturePrimate Origins and Evolution- Earliest Primates 65 MA - Where are the oldest and first primates?- What do they look like?- Where are they found?Living primates all share ancestors in the pastEnd of Mesozoic: 65 mya, mass extinction of dinosaurs, adaptive radiation of small mammalsCenozoic Era: the age of mammals1. Paleocene 65 – 56 million years agoa. First primate like mammalsb. Plesiadpiforms (proto-primates): i. When: Paleocene ~ 60 million years agoii. Where: Western North America, Europeiii. Traits:1. No postorbital bar2. Sideways facing eyes3. Lacked opposability4. Claws5. Small Brain6. Specialized rodent-like teethiv. Very closely related to ancestral primatesv. SIGNIFICANCE: Proto-primatesc. Carpolestes: An Interesting Pleseiadapiformi. Wyoming 60 mya; tropical forestii. Primate: grasping feet; nail on big toeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Eocene: 55-34 mya First True Primatesa. Traits:i. Grasping hands and feetii. Nails on their digitsiii. Larger rounder braincasesiv. Generalized teethv. Forward facing eyesvi. Post-orbital barb. Locationsi. Western Europe, North America, Africa and Asiac. Adapidsi. Diurnalii. Sexual Dimorphiciii. Tooth combiv. Post orbital barv. Ancestral to Lemursd. Omomyidsi. Large eyes Nocturnalii. Short Snoutiii. Post Orbital Plateiv. Ancestral to Tarsierv. Ancestral to all Haplorhines3. Oligocene 34-23 mya Age of Monkeysa. Early Anthropoids Evolve and Thriveb. Major cooling eventc. Fayum, Egypt Tropical environment (29-37 mya)i. Parapithecids1. 2.1.3.3. (same as Plat)2. Africa (Fyum, Egypt)3. Small monkey body size4. Probably leaper / arboreal leaper5. SIGNIFICANCE: Oldest, most primitive higher primate fossil6. Stem anthropoid ii. Propliopithecids1. Ancestral Catarrhine2. 2.1.2.33. Broad and wide incisors frugivore4. C/P3 Honing Complex bite down sharpens canines5. Low rounded molars omnivore6. Large sexual dimorph.7. Arboreal quadruped: shorter front limbs and longer hind limbs8. IMI: 75-859. Grasping hands and long digits10. SIGNIFICANCE: Early Catarrhine d. The Earliest Platyrrhinesi. Only Oligocene species, Branisella from Bolivia (26 mya)1. Small, 2.1.3.3Origin of the New World Higher Primates1. Platyrrhines evolved from North America anthropoidsa. But: NNO North American anthropoids2. Independent Evolution of lineages in Eocene3. Platyrrhines migrated to the Americas from Africa via Antarctica4. Platyrrhines rafted from AfricaEOCENE: 56-34 mya (First true primates: Adapids and Omomyids)OGLIOCENE: 34-23 (Propliothecids)MIOCENE: 23-5.35. Miocene: 23-5.3 mya First Apesa. Proconsulidae (Proconsulids) (23-17 mya)i. Mixture of apelike and more primitive monkey like features in the skeletonii. Y-5 Molar Patterniii. Honing Caninesiv. No tailv. Arboreal QuadrupedAdaptive Radiation of Hominoids Middle Miocene (23-8 mya)- Dryopithecidso Expansion out of Africa in Middle Miocene Europe Body like Modern Ape- More suspensory- Long arms and large hands Face like modern apesApes in Asia: Sivapithecids- Pakistan, India- Orangutan-like in skull, Proconsulid-like in body- Gigantopithecuso 0.5-8 million years agoo A VERY LARGE APEo 1,000 pounds
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