What is Science?-Science is the study of the natural world based on observation and experimentation.Science is knowledge and science is a process (the Scientific Method)Science is NOT an opinion, a belief system, a religionScience is based on observations, tests and factsHow do we do science?-Physical anthropologist adhere to principles of the scientific method…The Scientific Method:-An empirical research method in which data are gathered from observations of phenomena observed in the natural world-Observe  hypothesis  prediction  perform empirical studies  modify hypothesis or prediction if necessary1) Observation2) HypothesizeHypothesis  provisional explanation of the relationship between variablesExample: As the number of study hours increases, then grades will increaseWhen hypotheses are repeatedly tested theories begin to develop3) Table Prediction4) Empirical Study  experiment, study, observe  quantitative analysis5) Modify HypothesisTheory:1) Undisputed information derived from observation2) Composed of many test and validated tests of hypotheses“Facts, laws inferences and tested hypotheses.”Examples: Atomic Theory, Cell Theory, and Natural SelectionTheory  fact, supported by hypothesesHypothesis  testable, falsifiableNon-Scientific Theories-A guess-Make NO predictions or hypothesesNot testable-Can’t be falsifiable… example: Intelligent Design*Anything that is stated as absolute or does not allow the possibility of falsification is NOT and CANNOT be considered a theoryHistory of Evolutionary ThinkingThe Context of Darwin’s HypothesisPrior to 1700’s1) Young Earth  people estimated that the earth was ~6,000 yearsArchbishop James Usher (1581-1656)  reviewed biblical lineage to trace back how many years it would have been to when Adam and Eve occurred2) Life was Static: All Species were Divinely CreatedImmutable of species…organisms were “fixed” and could not be altered“Great Chain of Being”Invertebrates  fish  reptiles  mammals  humans  Gods, etc.-Within this chain of beings the species increasingly became more and more perfect1) Geology: Reconstructing Earth’s History-Earth’s Process of Developing and Changing-Pangea was the super continent that people believed was accurateJames Hutton (1727-1797)-Wind and rain cause erosion… and provide raw material for new land -- Strata-Uniformitarianism: geological processes operating today are the SAME as those occurred in the pastCharles Lyell (1797-1875)-The Earth’s processes and changing nature is a slow process-Older rock sediments have older, primitive life-Lyell confirmed Hutton’s observations and calculationsLyell came to the conclusion the Earth was millions of years old rather than thousands of years old!2) Paleontology: Reconstructing Life on Earth-Fossils and Past Life FormsRobert Hooke (1635-1703)-Hypothesis: fossils are the remains of past life-Tissue Structure of fossil wood is identical to living wood-Fossil Wood was once a living organismGeorges Cuvier (1707-1778)-Different Strata… different animals-Animals can go extinct **Catastrophe Theory mass extinctions, new animals moved from surrounding areas.-Mass Extinction happened about 65 Million Years prior3) Taxonomy and Systematics: Classification and Relationships-Taxonomy  classification into groups based on physical and genetic traits-Systematics  study of biological relationshipsCarolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)-Responsible for the naming system-binomial nomenclaturebinom = double name 1) genus 2) species*** When writing out binomial nomenclature the first name (genus) will have a capital first letter the second name or word (species) will be in lower case and the entire name should be written in italics ***EX: Homo sapiensLinnaean HierarchyKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesRemember this with the phrase:“King Phillip Came Over For Great Spaghetti”How Do Humans Fit In?KingdomAnimaliaMobilePhylumChordataNotochordClassMammaliaWarm bloodedOrderPrimates3-D, Thumb, Orbital RingFamilyHomindaeApe, Tail-less, Y5 MolarGenusHomoLarge BrainsSpeciesSapiensChin, tall foreheadANTH 120 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Last Lecture II. Defining AnthropologyIII. Defining CultureIV. Defining BiologyV. The Four Subfields of Anthropology VI. Six Defining Traits of Being HumanOutline of Current Lecture VII. What Is Science?VIII.How do we do science?IX. The Scientific MethodX. TheoryXI. History of Evolutionary Thinkinga. Important Scientists and their ContributionsXII. How do Humans fit in?Current Lecture What is Science? -Science is the study of the natural world based on observation and experimentation. - Science is knowledge and science is a process (the Scientific Method)- Science is NOT an opinion, a belief system, a religion- Science is based on observations, tests and facts How do we do science? -Physical anthropologist adhere to principles of the scientific method…The Scientific Method:-An empirical research method in which data are gathered from observations of phenomena observed inthe natural world -Observe  hypothesis  prediction  perform empirical studies  modify hypothesis or prediction if necessary These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1) Observation2) HypothesizeHypothesis  provisional explanation of the relationship between variables Example: As the number of study hours increases, then grades will increase When hypotheses are repeatedly tested theories begin to develop3) Table Prediction 4) Empirical Study  experiment, study, observe  quantitative analysis5) Modify Hypothesis Theory:1) Undisputed information derived from observation2) Composed of many test and validated tests of hypotheses “Facts, laws inferences and tested hypotheses.”Examples: Atomic Theory, Cell Theory, and Natural Selection Theory  fact, supported by hypotheses Hypothesis  testable, falsifiable Non-Scientific Theories -A guess -Make NO predictions or hypotheses - Not testable -Can’t be falsifiable… example: Intelligent Design *Anything that is stated as absolute or does not allow the possibility of falsification is NOT and CANNOT be considered a theory History of Evolutionary Thinking The Context of Darwin’s HypothesisPrior to 1700’s 1) Young Earth  people estimated that the