ANTH 120 1st Edition Lecture 18Outline of Last Lecture I. Early Fossil HomininesOutline of Current Lecture II. Continuation of Early Fossil HomininesCurrent LectureAustralopithecus 5+ species 4.2 - 1.8 Million Years Ago- True Bipeds- Climbing Arms- Small brain <600cc- Small, non-honing canines- Large molars and premolarsPre-Australopiths AustrlopithecusTeeth Apical wear on canines, but modified honing complexApical wear, non honing, largemolarsSkeleton Climbing traits (hands feet arms)True bipedsBrain Size Small-Ape-Like SmallGenus AustralopithecusTraits: Bipedal, arboreal, small brain size, big teethLocations: East, Central and South Africa1. A. anamensis  4.2-3.9 MYAa. Time and Location: Kenya (Allia Bay, Kanapoi), Ethiopia (Aramis, Middle Awash)b. Environment: Woodlandc. Canine reduction, apical wear on canine (top down/nonhoning), Unicuspid P3These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Primitivei. Prognathic  projecting out around the dental regionii. Unicuspid P3iii. Parallel U shaped tooth rowse. Tibia:i. Enlarged proximal tibia plateauii. Flat metatarsal face on bottomiii. Tibiotalar Jointf. Significance:i. The first biped that we are certain from, earliest Australopith, arose from Ar. ramadis 2. A. afaensis  3.9-2.8 MYAa. Ethiopia, Hadar (Middle Awash) and Tanzania, Laetolib. Don Johanson (1974)  Lucyi. The most complete austropithecinec. The First Family – 2001 Excavationi. 17-18 austros coming out of the scene ranging from ages 3 to --?ii. Actually only to 3-4 specimensd. Dikikiai. Found a 3 year old specimen, very well preserved e. Primitive Traitsi. Small Diastemaii. U-shaped dental arcadeiii. Large molars and pre molarsf. Derived Bipedal Traits:i. Short, broad illium facing to the sideii. Valgus angle in femuriii. Large, elliptical lateral condyle (bottom of the femur which allows your knee to bend back and forth)iv. IMI is estimated between 118-121  still very long arms, still a lot of climbing activityg. A lot of sexual dimorphism h. Ape Likei. Slightly divergent big toeii. Slightly curved fingersiii. Longish armsiv. Sexual dimorphismi. CLEARLY BIPEDAL thoughj. Large molars / large premolarsk. Significance: Very complete Lucy, footprintsMosaic Evolution  different traits evolving at different rates throughout history3. A. bahrelghazali  3.4 -3.0 MYA, Central Aftricaa. Discovered by Michel Brunet (1995); Bahr el Ghazal valley, Chadb. Significance: ONLY australopith from Chad4. A. africanus  3.2 – 2.2 MYA a. South African Cave Sitesi. Breccia = calcium carbonate encased remainsb. South Africa (Taung, Sterkfontein, Makapansgat)c. Ron Clarked. Taung i. Raymond Dart, 1925ii. Represents some type of early fossil human, modern in appearanceiii. People thought it was a chimp fossiliv. No one believed hum because of Charles Dawson  complete fabrication(Piltdown Man)e. Rounded cranial vaultf. Primitivei. Small brain size (410 cc)ii. Moderate prognathismiii. Some arboreal featuresg. Derivedi. Small C, large premolars and molarsii. No diastemaiii. Bipedaliv. Nasal pillarsh. Significance: Derived dental morphology, South Africa5. A. garhi  2.5 MAa. Bouri, Ethiopiab. Discoverer: Y Haile-Selassie in 1997 Berhane Asfaw and Time White (1997)c. Morphology:i. Megadontia  giant premolarsii. High IMIiii. Longer legs, long femurd. Behavior:i. Meat eating? Scavenginge. Strong sub nasal pronathism small sagittal crestf. Earliest documented percussion marks, processing bones for fatty marrowg. Earliest documented cut marksh. SIGNIFICANCE: earliest appearance of femoral elongation, possible tool use, possible ancestor to Homoi. Behavior: stone tools found at GONA from the same time horizon 2.5