ANTH 120 1nd Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture 1. Primate EcologyOutline of Current Lecture 2. Primate Locomotor DiversityCurrent LecturePrimate Locomotion- Quadrupedal (Terrestrial / Arboreal)- Knuckle walking- Vertical Clinging and Leaping- BrachiatingSubstrate Type1. Arboreal In the trees, 2. Terrestrial Walking on the groundSelective Pressures predators on the ground, the ability to climb when arboreal, falling from the treesLocomotor Types:Highly Terrestrial Primates: gorillas, baboons, pig tailed macaque, patas monkey, gelada baboon,olive baboonTerrestrial Quadruped Traits:1. Long forelimb and hind limb (similar length)2. Restricted Shoulder, Elbow and Wrist Joints very little side to side movement, ableto run better forward3. Short hands and Short feet4. Reduce Tail5. Pronograde Posture bent over on all foursThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Intermenbral Index:Ratio: length of the forelimb (humerus + radius) divided by the length of the hind limb (femur and tibia) X 100Terrestrial quadrupeds: 90-100 Arm length to leg length is very similar Digitigrade Hand Posture: walking on your fingertips - Extending there hands to walk mostly on their digits- More agile, quicker maneuvers- Extends the length of limb, which is better for when running in terrestrial territoriesThe Fastest Terrestrial Primates: Patas monkey 34 mphKnuckle-Walking- Chimpanzees, Banobos, Gorillas, Orangutans- Specialized Terrestrial QuadrupedKnuckle-Walking Traits:1. Long arms to legs2. Weight bearing and stabilizing elbow and wrist3. Rotated Humerous (humeral torsion) reoriented thoraxIntermembral Index: 100-150Pongo: 139 Pan: 106 Gorilla: 116Arboreal Quadralpedalism- Colomibinae, platyrrhini- Some old world monkeys- Flexible branch to flexible branch- Long TailsFunctional Adaptations1. Short forelimb, longer hind limb2. Flexed Limbs lowers their center of gravity3. Long Tail helps maintain balance on whatever they are climbing4. Long Fingers grab and hold on to things securely5. Flexible Shoulders more range of motion, 30-40 degrees in the side direction6. Pronograde PostureIntermembral Index: 75-90 Short forelimbs and hind limbs that are slightly longerPalmigrade Hand Posture wrap entire hand on or around the substrateVertical Clinging and Leaping- Leaping or hopping from tree to tree- They push off of the trees with their feet and grab on to the next tree with their feet- They have derived foot morphology really wide abducted toes- When they walk on the ground they hop along the ground- Highly specialized type of locomotionBrachiating- Opposite of vertical leaping- Pulling themselves with their arms- Gibbons, gibbons, gibbons! - Suspensory Anatomyo Very Long Forelimbso Highly Mobile Shoulder Joint full range of motiono Very extendible elbow jointo Mobile Wristo Orthograde Body Posture up wright body posture- Intermembral Index: 126-147 arms are always twice as long as their legsLocomotor Repertoire: All possible mode of locomotionPrimates can be terrestrial or arboreal they will use both types of substrates Anatomy allows them to mitigate their environment Predominance of one type of locomotion does not exude the other
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