ANTH 120 1nd Edition Lecture 19 Outline of Last Lecture II. Continuation of Early Fossil HomininesOutline of Current Lecture III. Origins of the Genus HomoCurrent LectureExample Questions:- Paleoanthropology is… the study of earlier fossil Hominins- Ardi was NOT from the dates to approximately 2.8 mya- Afarensis was found at Laetoli- A. africanus nasal pillars picture - A. garhi  tall femurs Australopithecus sediba- 1.97-1.78 Malpa Cave, South Africa- Discoverer: Mathew and Lee Berger, 2008- Environment: Woodland- Specimens: 2 Partial skeletons, one juvenile, 12-13 years of age, one adult male- South African cave site have the Brecca in which people have to get through in order to find the fossils/bones- Morphology:o Flatter Faceo Modern Pelvis and Hando Molar teeth smaller (<A. afarensis)o Cranial Capacity: 420-440 cc- Significance  possible descendant of A. africanus? Precursor to Homo?Small Brain (350-500 cc) Bipedal-Facial prog. 1) Short Broad PelvisLarger canine 2) Bicondylar (Valgus) angleThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Curved phalanges 3) ADDuctable halluxHigh IMI 4) Non-honing CaninesGenus Paranthropis “Robust” vs. “Gracile”Genus Paranthropus Genus Australopithecus Massive Cheek Teeth Smaller Cheek teethCranial Cresting Slight to NO crestingKey Features of robust austral include adaptions to heavy chewing:- Large sagittal crest (temporalis muscles)- Flaring anterior zygomatics  dished face, concave facial appearance, massester muscles- Large cheek teeth: small incisors- Muscles of mastication generate HUGE forceo Temporalis Muscle: Sagittal crest area, takes origin in the top of the head, high insertion, the muscle is very large, strong and mechanical contractiono Massester Muscle: Side of the mandible, very large, contracts and helps the jaw close- Paranthropus had greater muscle attachment areaEast African Paranthropus- P. boisei- P. aethiopicusParanthropus aethiopicus (2.7-2.3 mya) ~2.5 MYA- Distribution: Ethiopia, Kenya- “The Black Skull” KNM-WT 17000- Environment: Arid, dry, grassland area- Traits:o Prognathic  face projects outwardso Smallest brain 410 cco Little cranial flexionParanthopus boisei (2.5-1.5 mya)- Tanzania, Ethiopia, Kenya- Mary and Louis Leakey- Environment: wet grassland- Holotype: OH 5 “Zinjanthropus”- Olduvai George, Tanzania- Traits:o Flatter faceo Brain 500-550 cco Facial Pillars  maintain structural rigidity because of the amount of power going through the facial regiono Deeper temporal mandibular fossao Cranial flexion  more underneath the cranial vault- Diet: Tiger Nut (cyperus esculentus (or chufa sedge))o Fall back food source  desperate to get foodParanthopus robustus (1.8-1.5 MYA)- South Africa (Swartkrans and Kromdraai)- Discoverer: Robert Broom- Significance: hard dry food, living in the some time as genus homoGenus homo (Linnaeus, 1758)1. Homo sapiens2. Homo neanderthalensis (1864)3. Homo erectus (1890) a. Homo ergaster4. Homo heidelbergensis “archaic H. sapiens”5. Homo babilis (1960)a. Homo redolfensisPurpose of this section:1) Defining the Genus Homo2) How were they different from Australopithcus?3) Homo habilis and Homo redolfensisa. An adaptive radiation of early members of the genus Homo?Criteria for Membership in genus Homo:1) Absolute brain size of 600 cm3- Problem: Biological significance?2) Possession of language, as inferred from endocranial casts- Problem: Language cannot be localized!3) Possession of a modern, human-like precision grip involving a well-developed and opposable pollex (thumb)- Problem: Not restricted to Homo4) Ability to manufacture stone tools- Problem: Pre-Homo 3.4 MYA (A. garhi from Gona) Multiple SpeciesTrends in Evolution of Homo that distinguish them from Australopithecus:1. Encephalizationa. Language? Big Brains = Language?b. Expanded frontal and parietal regionsc. Rounded occipital contourd. Expanded parietal regionse. Higher frontalf. Rounded occipital contour2. Increasing Body Size3. Dietary