ANTH 120 1nd Edition Lecture 21 Current Lecture“Out of Africa” Anatomy and Dispersal H. erectus  A New kind of Human- Represents a different kind of Hominin than its more ancient African predecessors o Taller, smaller gut, bigger brain and widely dispersed at 1.8 million years ago- The discovery of fossils began in the 19th century- Some researchers place the African fossils into a separate species, one they call “Homo ergaster”What makes H. erectus special?1. Long spatial and temporal range a. Africa to Asiab. 1.8 ma- 143K (18k)2. First hominin to leave Africa3. Modern human body proportions and sizea. >100lbsb. >5’0”4. Brain Enlargement 700-1250 cc5. Modern human protruding nasal bridge6. Cranial “hypertrophy”a. All of the structures with cranial morphology are protruding and rigid, pointy andbumpy7. Huntinga. Weapons and tools, active behavior, prime cuts of meat, access to good meat, the other “homos” were more scavengers and took what they were able to get”A Little History- Eugene Dubois (1894)  TrinilThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Solo River, Indonesia, where he discovered Trinil 1, 2, and 3 which included a tooth and femurs of a biped, very long, big brain case with sloping back “forehead”o Pithecanthropus erectus “erect ape-man” or “Java Man” (location of where it wasfound”- Homo erectus: Trinil 3  Osteomyelitis  infection and ossification of adductor muscle (during life), very painful to the specimen, trauma in early fossil hominins- Chinese Homo erectuso Davidson Black 1927 Zhouhoudian (Dragon Bone Hill)Sianthropus pekinensis (The Chinese Ape Man) 1928-1937: 200 specimen (MNI ~ 40)o Franz Weidenreich (1934) Disappeared specimen during WWI- Meganthropus palaeojavanicus (Third name for H. erectus)o Sangiran, Indonesiao GHR von KoenigswaldHomo erectus vs. Homo ergaster: 1 widely dispersed, variable species or 2 distinct species Homo erectus sensu lato- Both African and Asian Homo erectus sensu stricto - Asia Homo ergaster- Africa and EuropeMorphology - 1.8 Ma to 147 Ka - Long Legs and short arms- More robust skeleton (compared to a more gracile skeleton)- Body Size: Weight >100 pounds, height 5 feet 6 inches- Brain Size: considerable enlargement, range from 700 to 1,250 cm3- Cranial Shape: Smaller teeth and think bones with superstructures- Smaller molars- Supraorbital torus and sulcus  ridge over the eyes, a gutter that sits behind the ridge of bone that goes across- Nuchal torus- Reduced post orbital constriction- Low forehead- Long and low braincase- Angled occipital region- Shape looks like a “Lemon”- Cranium broadest near base- Frontal and sagittal keel  small and reduced sagittal crest found on every H. erectus- Nasal bridge  more similar to modern humans- Very think cranial bones  abnormally think for cranial boneKNM-WT 15000  Nariokotome, Kenya- Narrow hipped- 5 foot+ - Modern human proportionsReview of Traits- Receding forehead- Supra-orbital torus- Marked alveolar prognathism- No chin- Occital torus- Cranial capacity 700-1200 cc (mean ca. 1000 cc)Homo erectus Tool Technology- Lower Paleolithic Achulean tradition o Africa 1.65 MA -250 Kao Bifaced Hand Axe (Cleaver)o Flakeso Standardizedo Close to stream and lake depositsAfrican and Asia Sites and Dispersal Energetics“Out of Africa”  African Origins 1.8-700 ka- Koobi Fora- Illereto 1.55 mao Beautifully preserved footprints, recently excavated in 2007- Olduvai Gorge, TZo OH9 (1.47 Ma)- Nariokotome  Kenyao KNM-WT 15000 (880 cc, 5’3”, narrow pelvis and narrow thorax)  nearly complete, juvenile specimenH. erectus in Eurasia- Western Europe  no evidence- Republic of Georgia 1.8 Mao Dmanisio L. Gabunia and A. Vekua (1991)o All Oldowan tools- Similar to b/c low braincase, wide base, sagittal keeting- D4500 (skull 5)o Brain sie: 546 + or = 5 cm3o Large Prognathic faceo 4-9”; 103-110 lbso Similar to earlier Homo from Africa (ER-1470) 3 rooted pre-molar!- Dmanisi  1.8 Mao 5 crania: 540-780 cm3o Similar to H. erectus: Low brain case, wide base, sagittal keeling Different to H. erectus: Less robust and thinner browridge, projecting lower facePrimitive: small body size 4’9”, Low Encephalization quotientDerived: modern human like body proportions They were not tall Body proportions similar to H. sapiens First to leave Africa: small bodied, early form of H. erectus, Oduwan tool cultureAsia and Indonesia Perning (Mojokerto) 1.8 M Sangiran, 1.6 Ma until 1 Ma Ngandong/ Sambungmacn 100k (<50Ka)Migrating to SE Asia, 1.8 MA 20 skulls from Indonesia!Gongwangling / Lantian (1.15 Ma) PA 1051-6  Woo (1966) Preservation is extremely poor Dating by magnetic polarityZhoukoudian (500-250Ka) Populations lived far north 250,000 years of “occupation” During interglacial periodso No fire MNI: 40 adults and children All Oldowan tool remains Cultural remains from Zhoukoudiano Layers 4 and 10: layers of burned bone, seeds and rockso No hearths, burning occurred after fossilization, the ash levels are natural organic sediment Home base?o Remains in cave the result of