ANTH 120 1nd Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. What are the major primate groups?II. Primate TaxonomyOutline of Current Lecture II. Primate EcologyCurrent LecturePrimate EcologyWhy Study Primates?1) Sherwood Washburn (1950s-1960s)a. Study of primates in natural environments to understand evolution2) Louis Leakeya. Understand social structure, ecology, and natural history of the great apes3) Jane Goodall a. World’s foremost authority on chimpanzeesb. 1960- Began Longest Continuous Field Study of Chimpanzeesi. Gombe Reserve, Tanzaniac. …Humans are not as unique as once thoughti. Hunting and meat eating, tool making and use, sign language, inter-community violence, with killing4) Dian Fosseya. World Foremost Authority on Mountain Gorillasb. 1967 – Began Longest Continuous Field Study of Mountain Gorillas i. Zaire, Rwandaii. Determined social structure and aspects of natural habitatiii. She was murdered while doing research5) Birute Galdikasa. World Foremost Authority on Orangutansb. 1971 – Longest Filed of Studying Orangutansi. Borneo ii. Determined social structure and aspects of natural historyEcology: The relationship between organisms and ALL aspects of their environmentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Behavioral Ecology: The study of the evolution of behavior emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selectionPrimate Behavioral Ecology1) Habitats2) Survival a. Getting enough to eati. Types of foodii. Territories and Rangesb. Avoid being eateni. Predation3) Sociality a. Types of Social Groupsb. Sexual Compositionc. Dominance HierarchiesHabitats1) Savanna  Grassland plains with mixed shrubs and scattered treesa. Baboon troops, larger groups of primates are found hereb. Disadvantages: Unsafe because of its openness to predators, easy to catch2) Gallery Forest  Along Watera. Bigger Primates, leaf eaters3) Secondary Forest  Regeneratinga. Some type of disturbance, new growth4) Primary Forest  Undisturbed, thick forest, with no mass disturbancea. Gibbons, gorillasForest Structure1) Canopy / Emergent  tops of the trees, smaller primates, gibbons, spider monkeys2) Midlevel  Arboreal Primates, medium sized primates3) Understory  Live on the ground, larger primates, gorillasFeeding Ecology, Diet, and Foraging StrategiesDietary and Digestive StrategiesYou Are What You Eat:1) Insectivores  insects, grubs, larvaea. Many Strepsirhinesb. Smaller Monkeysc. Portion of the diet of most primatesd. Tarsier only entirely carnivorous primate2) Folivores  leavesa. Colobinesb. Some NWMc. Gorillas3) Frugivores  ripe and unripe fruita. Many large platyrrhinesb. Most catarrhines including hominoids (apes)c. Portion of the diet of most primatesGetting Enough to Eat- Smaller animals need proportionally more calories, which means that they need to eat high calorie foods very often, big nutritious package in a small intake- Larger animals need more food overall, eat foods more slowly, take time while consuming food to maintain high metabolic rateso Lower calorie foods more slowlyBody Size and Diet are RelatedSmaller Size (100% Insects)  Medium Size (100% Fruit)  Large Size (100% Leaves)Gummivores- Many Callitrichinso Marmosets, tamarinso Other primates will occasionally eat exudateso Mongoose Lemur: flower nectar, extremely rareGranivores- Seed Eaterso The PlitheciinesGramnivores- Grass Bladeso Theropithecus gelada o RareOther Herbivores- Roots, shoots, stems, bark- GorillaCarnivores- One true primate carnivore (Tarsier)- Opportunistic  Papio hamadrayas- Habitual  ChimpanzeesOmnivores- Papio hamdryas- Hominoids- Most primates are omnivorous to some extentPrimate Social Systems: composition, size and sex ratio- Home Range: area occupied daily by an organismo What parts of its territory is it using every single day- Territory: Area that is defendedKey to ChartsPink Circle: Adult Female and Her RangeBlue Circle: Adult Male and His RangeSolitary: Living by yourself with your offspring Multiple solitary females overlapped by one maleUni-Male, Multi-Female:  Lots of females with one male to raise youth One large blue circle occupied by many pink circlesMulti-Male, Multi-Female:  Lots of females and lots of males Common within Baboons, Chimps, Spider monkeys Lots of blue and pink circlesGroups of Uni-Male, Multi-Female Units: Ex: Three males, than many bachelor primates, within one males home range there are multiple females with their offspring Harem: a big unit that comes together Sexual Dimorphism - Morphological difference in size or shape between males and females of the same speciesMonogamous Pairs- Stay together with their offspring- You don’t see sexual dimorphism in these males and femalesDominance Rank and Aggression- Social Relationship between individuals- Everyone knows the place of everyone else- Rank is Maintained by:o Fightso Displacement  physically pushing them away without fightingo Aggression o Threat Flash Eye Lids Grind Molars Yawn SlapConciliatory:- Lip SmackingSubmissive:- Grimace- Bare-teeth- Presenting-