ANTH 120 1nd Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I. “Out of Africa” Anatomy and Dispersal Outline of Current Lecture II. Dispersal “Out of Africa” and Archaic Homo SapiensCurrent LectureWhat makes H. erectus special?- Long spatial/temporal rangeo Africa to Asiao 1.8 ma-143K - First to leave Africa- Modern human body proportions and size (>100lbs and >5”)- Brain Enlargement- Modern human protruding nasal bridge- Cranial “hypertrophy”  pronounced and exaggerated features- HuntingH. erectus Tool Technology- Lower Paleolithic Achulean traditiono Africa 1.65 Ma-250 Ka Bifaced Hand axe (Cleaver) Flakes  Standardized Close to stream/ lake depositsThe Movius Line  Africa, Arabia peninsula, Western Europe, where we find more sophisticatedstone tool technologyWhat led to the dispersal of Genus Homo?- Facilitated by climate change- Anatomical changes (physical adaptations)- Changes in foraging strategiesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Facilitated by Climate Change- Massive Climate Shift 2.5 MA Ice Age (Pleistocene)- Cold and Dry  Expansion of Grassland- Advances and retreats of massive continental glaciations, can up to be a mile high of ice, this is how the great lakes were formed, ice sheets covered most of North America and Europe- Glaciations (cold periods)  100 Kao 10-12 degree (50-53 degree) colder than today!!o Sea levels drop 120-150 meters (400-450 feet)o Opening land bridges and continental corridors- Interglacials (warm periods) (e.g. curt Holocene Epoch) ~10Kao Sea levels rise againo (~10,000 year increments)o More rain, more humidityo More movement by all mammals living in these areaso Ice sheet glaciers melto Sea levels rise- Glacial Periodso 100,000 year Incrementso Water is “locked” inside of glacierso Desserts expand leaving oasis of grassland- Land bridges form- Geographical barriers absent i.e. Sahara Desert- Herbivores (grass eaters) increase in numberAnatomical Changes- Taller- Modern limb proportions- Expansion in cranial capacity- Home range and dispersal:o Larger body sizes = larger home rangeo Higher quality carnivorous diets = larger home rangeo Open grassland habitats = larger home range- Diet quality in H. erectus (Anton et al, 2002)o Minimum 100 = all foliage | Maximum 350 = all animalo Hominoid average DQ= 164 | Tropical homo erectus DQ= 252o Higher quality diet (hunting) increases home range 10x over the Australopithecuso Home range for fossils: H. erectus 450 ha/individuals (1111 acres) Australopithecus 45-50 ha/individual (111 acres)- Ecological Change  expansion of grasslands  more herbivores  H. erectus more access to gazelle etc.  Dietary and Foraging Change  Increased body and brain size  Increased home range size and dispersal potential - 10,000 years to get from Africa to get to Java, IndonesiaRegional Variation- Difference b/w Asian and early African H. erectus?o Asians forms generally have: Less domed cranium Thicker cranial walls Sagittal keel More projecting supraorbital torus and sulcus More massive face- Gene flow between Indonesia and China during glacial periods… land bridges…- Periods of isolation (drift) during interglacial periods- Moderate to little gene flow between Africa and AsiaH. erectus Summary- 1.8-150 Ka- 700-1200cc- First out of Africa- Increased reliance on meat- Modern human like body, proportions, and development patternso Morphological change with time and regionThe Muddle in the Middle: Middle Pleistocene 780-125 KA- Archaic Homo sapiens or Homo heidelberaensis- Anatomically Modern Homo sapienso Large, round, gracileo ~1200-1300o Rounded Craniumo No superstructureso Canine fossao Chino Zygomatic is high o Zygomatic is high (cheekbones)Homo erectus- Long low robust skull- 700-1200 cc- Cranial superstructures- Larger face- No chinArchaic Homo sapiens  admitted to membership in Hss because of their almost modern sized brain, but set off as ‘archaic’ because of their primitive looking cranial morphologyHighly Variable:- Brain size well within modern human range 1200cco Vs. 900 cc in H. erectus- Large arched supraorbital torus that thin laterallyo Opposed to bar-like brows- Robust crania with projecting face- More rounded less angled occipital- Decrease in molar size- No chin- Postcrania modern but more