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CSU ANTH 120 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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ANTH 120 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8-15Types of Primates1. Lemur and Loris2. Tarsier3. Monkeysa. Old World Monkeyb. New World Monkey4. Apesa. Gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon, humanWhat makes a primate?1. Primitive Body Plana. 5 grasping digits, opposable thumbs, big toesi. Power Grip: grabbing on to a hammer, grabbing onto a branchii. Precision Grip: precise movements of digitsb. Enhanced touch  emphasize on feeling and touching things, nails, fingerprintsi. Dermal Ridges = finger prints (same as humans)ii. Nails NOT clawsc. Generalized Body Plani. 2 arms, 2 legs, 5 digitsii. Clavicleiii. Upright Postured. Generalized Teethi. Heterodont Dentition1. 4 types of teeth: Incisors, canines, premolars, molars2. Upper Quadrant 2.1.2.3  The Dental FormulaLower Quadrant 2.1.2.3 3. Canine/ Premolar Honing Complex: upper canine sharpens itself on the premolar that is below4. Diastema  a gap or space in between incisor and canine which allows them to close their mouth5. Sectorial Premolar  looks like a canine tooth one single cusp, in humans this tooth has two cusps with this premolar2. Emphasis on Learning and Social Behaviora. Single Offspringi. One offspring at a timeii. Several years between birthsiii. Mothers care for their offspring for a long period of timeb. Extended Ontogeny (growth and development)i. Very Long period of growth and developmentc. Sociality (pairs or groups)i. A savanna Baboon Troop in Kenyaii. Dominance Hierarchy (Alpha Male – Alpha Female)iii. Group Living  protectioniv. Gibbons are monogamous primates3. Elaboration of Vision and Neocortex (derived part of the brain)a. Enclosed Orbitsi. Bony enclosure around their eyeballii. Post orbital bar (Lemur) increased visioniii. Post Orbital Plate (macaque and humans) full bone surrounding the full side of the back eyeb. Forward Facing Eyes with Stereoscopic Visioni. Eyes are in the front and protected in the sides and the backc. Large Brainsi. Encephalization  Brain to Body Size of an Individualii. Increased Neocortex SizeThe Larger section of the brain, higher functioningPrimate TaxonomyHierarchy of Taxonomic ClassificationOrder – PrimatesSuborder strepsirhini and haplorhiniHaplorhini: (suborder) “higher primates” tarsiers, monkeys, apes More flattened nose, not wet or not moisture, dry skin, not splitStrpsirhini: “lower primates” lemurs, lorises, galagos- Nasal Morphology: “split wet nose”- Post Orbital Bar- Tooth Comb- Grooming Claw- Moist Rhinarium (nose)- Unfused MandibleSuper Families: lermuoidea and lorisodeaLermuoidea:- Aye aye, Sifakas, Ring Tailed Lemur, Mouse Lemur- Lemurs are only found on Madagascaro Diurnal and Nocturnal Lemurs (Day and Night Lemurs)o Solitary and Gregarious (Alone and Social)o Arboreal and Terrestrial (Trees and ground)o Diet: FruitLorisoidea: - Slow Loris, slender loris, pottos, galago (bush baby)- Much larger geographic distribution- Galagos (Africa) and Lorises (Africa and Asia)o Nocturnal o Solitaryo Arborealo Diet: fruit, gum, insectsNocturnal Strepsirhines- Large eyes with Tapetum lucidemo Glowing eyes, membrane in the back of the light allows them to see more clearly during the night timeHaplorhini: “higher order”Hyperorder: Tarsiiformes and Anthropedia1. Complete bone orbit (post orbital plate)2. No rhinarium (dry nose)3. Fused mandible4. Shorter snout5. All nails, on all digits6. Mostly larger bodies and brainsPrimates: Haplorhini vs. Strepsirhini- Haplorhinio Relatively short rostrumo Plate separating orbits from temporal fossa- Strepsirhinio Long rostrumo Postorial baro Temporal PlateTarsier: Strepsirrhine Characteristics o Small body sizeo Grooming clawo Unfused MandibleHaplorhine Characteristics o No rhinariumo Post-orbital plate (closure)Social Behavioro Nocturnalo Arborealo Monogamous or multifemaleo Diet—insects small vertebrateso Found: Philippines, Borneo, SulawisiInfraorder:Platyrrhini and CatarrhiniPlatyrrhini (New World Monkey)1. Three Premolors (2.1.3.3)2. Flat nose, sideways facing nostrils3. SOME have prehensile tails (a modified tail that acts as another limb)Central and South America and in the CaribbeanSocial Behavioro Dinural, done during the day (except Owl Monkey)o Arborealo Squirrel monkey, howler monkey, capuchinso Multimale/multifemaleo One male/multifemaleo Fruito Marmosets and Tamarins Very Small, monogamous (twins) Multimale/one femaleCatarrhini  Cercopithecoidea and HominoidaAnthropoid Characteristics PLUS…1. Only 2 premolars (2.1.2.3)2. Downward Facing NostrilsCercopithecoidea Old World Monkey Characteristics 1. Tails or rudimentary tail2. Ischial callosities (Bone on Butt, monkeys with the weird exposed butts)3. Bilophadont Molars (specialized derived tooth morphology)Found in Sub-Saharn Africa, Asia, China, JapanColombineso Specializedo Mostly arborealo Folivores  leaf eaters Ceropithecineso More generalizedo Fragivoreso Mostly terrestrialSuperfamily Hominoidea Gorilla, Orangutan, Gibbon, Humans1. NO TAIL2. Wide Thorax3. Y-5 Molar Pattern4. Large Body Size5. Enlarged Brain6. Complex Behavioro Apes have the scapula on back of the rib cageo Monkeys have scapula on the side, not full range of motionWhy Study Primates?1) Sherwood Washburn (1950s-1960s)a. Study of primates in natural environments to understand evolution2) Louis Leakeya. Understand social structure, ecology, and natural history of the great apes3) Jane Goodall a. World’s foremost authority on chimpanzeesb. 1960- Began Longest Continuous Field Study of Chimpanzeesi. Gombe Reserve, Tanzaniac. …Humans are not as unique as once thoughti. Hunting and meat eating, tool making and use, sign language, inter-community violence, with killing4) Dian Fosseya. World Foremost Authority on Mountain Gorillasb. 1967 – Began Longest Continuous Field Study of Mountain Gorillas i. Zaire, Rwandaii. Determined social structure and aspects of natural habitatiii. She was murdered while doing research5) Birute Galdikasa. World Foremost Authority on Orangutansb. 1971 – Longest Filed of Studying Orangutansi. Borneo ii. Determined social structure and aspects of natural historyEcology: The relationship between organisms and ALL aspects of their environmentBehavioral Ecology: The study of the evolution of behavior emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selectionPrimate Behavioral Ecology1) Habitats2) Survival a. Getting enough to eati. Types of foodii. Territories and Rangesb. Avoid being eateni.


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