ANTH 120 1st Edition Lecture 9Outline of Last Lecture II. Primate Taxonomy IIII. What is a primate?Outline of Current Lecture I. What are the major primate groups?II. Primate TaxonomyCurrent LectureWhat are the major primate groups?Primate TaxonomyHierarchy of Taxonomic ClassificationOrder – PrimatesSuborderstrepsirhini and haplorhiniHaplorhini: (suborder) “higher primates” tarsiers, monkeys, apes More flattened nose, not wet or not moisture, dry skin, not splitStrpsirhini: “lower primates” lemurs, lorises, galagos- Nasal Morphology: “split wet nose”- Post Orbital Bar- Tooth Comb- Grooming Claw- Moist Rhinarium (nose)- Unfused MandibleSuper Families: lermuoidea and lorisodeaLermuoidea:- Aye aye, Sifakas, Ring Tailed Lemur, Mouse Lemur- Lemurs are only found on MadagascarThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Diurnal and Nocturnal Lemurs (Day and Night Lemurs)o Solitary and Gregarious (Alone and Social)o Arboreal and Terrestrial (Trees and ground)o Diet: FruitLorisoidea: - Slow Loris, slender loris, pottos, galago (bush baby)- Much larger geographic distribution- Galagos (Africa) and Lorises (Africa and Asia)o Nocturnal o Solitaryo Arborealo Diet: fruit, gum, insectsNocturnal Strepsirhines- Large eyes with Tapetumlucidemo Glowing eyes, membrane in the back of the light allows them to see more clearly during the night timeHaplorhini: “higher order”Hyperorder: Tarsiiformes and Anthropedia1. Complete bone orbit (post orbital plate)2. No rhinarium (dry nose)3. Fused mandible4. Shorter snout5. All nails, on all digits6. Mostly larger bodies and brainsPrimates: Haplorhini vs. Strepsirhini- Haplorhinio Relatively short rostrumo Plate separating orbits from temporal fossa- Strepsirhinio Long rostrumo Postorial baro Temporal PlateTarsier:Strepsirrhine Characteristics o Small body sizeo Grooming clawo Unfused MandibleHaplorhine Characteristics o No rhinariumo Post-orbital plate (closure)Social Behavioro Nocturnalo Arborealo Monogamous or multifemaleo Diet—insects small vertebrateso Found: Philippines, Borneo, SulawisiInfraorder:PlatyrrhiniandCatarrhiniPlatyrrhini (New World Monkey)1. Three Premolors (2.1.3.3)2. Flat nose, sideways facing nostrils3. SOME have prehensile tails (a modified tail that acts as another limb)Central and South America and in the CaribbeanSocial Behavioro Dinural, done during the day (except Owl Monkey)o Arborealo Squirrel monkey, howler monkey, capuchinso Multimale/multifemaleo One male/multifemaleo Fruito Marmosets and Tamarins Very Small, monogamous (twins) Multimale/one femaleCatarrhiniCercopithecoidea and HominoidaAnthropoid Characteristics PLUS…1. Only 2 premolars (2.1.2.3)2. Downward Facing NostrilsCercopithecoideaOld World Monkey Characteristics 1. Tails or rudimentary tail2. Ischial callosities (Bone on Butt, monkeys with the weird exposed butts)3. Bilophadont Molars (specialized derived tooth morphology)Found in Sub-Saharn Africa, Asia, China, JapanColombineso Specializedo Mostly arborealo Folivores leaf eatersCeropithecineso More generalizedo Fragivoreso Mostly terrestrialSuperfamily HominoideaGorilla, Orangutan, Gibbon, Humans1. NO TAIL2. Wide Thorax3. Y-5 Molar Pattern4. Large Body Size5. Enlarged Brain6. Complex Behavioro Apes have the scapula on back of the rib cageo Monkeys have scapula on the side, not full range of motionGibbons = South Ease AsiaOrangutanSubfamily: PonginaeGenus: Pongo Orangutans Solitary Fruit Eater Sumatra and BorneoGorillaSubfamily: GorillinaeGenus: GorillaChimpanzeeSubfamily: HomininiaeGenus: PanOmnivorous (fruit and meat) Sub-Saharan Africa, Congo