MUSIC 0311 1st EditionExam # 4 Study Guide Lectures: 18-22Lecture 18 (March 30th)MexicoMexico is a federal republic in North America. The United States borders Mexico on the North. Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas. It is also the most populous Spanish-speakingcountry in the world. Mexican society enjoys a vast array of music genres that shows the diversity of Mexican culture. Son MexicanoThe term “son” refers to a particular type of Mexican folk music from the countryside. Son mexicano is a very general category that encompasses nine different types of rural folk music that each correlate to a specific region of Mexico. MariachiMariachi is a form of folk music from Mexico. It began as a regional folk style called “Son Jaliscience” in the center west of Mexico which was originally played only with string instruments and musicians dressed in the white pants and shirts of peasant farmers. The musical style began to take prominence in the first half of the 20th century. The word “mariachi” is thought to have derived from the French word mariage (“marriage”). The size of a mariachi group varies depending on the availability of musicians. Today, the usual mariachi group consistsof as many as eight violins, two trumpets and at least one guitar. Traditional mariachi groups include the vihuela and the guitarron. Mariachi “guitars”One type of Mexican guitar is the guitarron mexicano. It is a very large, deep-bodied Mexican sixstring acoustic bass played traditionally in mariachi groups. Because its great size gives it volume, it does not require electric amplification for performances in small venues. It is fretless with heavy gauge strings Another type of Mexican guitar is the vihuela. A vihulea is a guitar-shaped instrument from 19th century Mexico with five strings. It is typically played in mariachi groups. It is a small deep-bodied rhythm guitar built along the same lines as the guitarron. It is played with one’s fingers (can also be played with a pick) strumming open chords on the fretted part of the neck.Son JarochoSon Jarocho is a regional folk musical style of Mexican Son from Veracruz. It represents a fusion of indigenous, Spanish, and African musical elements, reflecting the population that evolved in the region from Spanish colonial times. Lyrics include humorous verses and subjects such as love, nature, sailors and cattle breeding. RancheraRanchera is a genre of the traditional music of Mexico originally sung by only one performer with a guitar. Traditional rancheras are about love, patriotism, or nature. Instruments used may include guitars, strings, trumpets and/or accordions. Good Neighbor PolicyThe Good Neighbor Policy was the foreign policy of the administration of the United States towards Latin America. The policy’s main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. Also, it reinforced the idea that the United States would be a “good neighbor” and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries. The Three Cabelleros The Three Cabelleros is a 1944 American animated musical film produced by Walt Disney Productions. The film premiered in Mexico City on December 21, 1944. The film plots an adventure through parts of Latin America, combining live action and animation.Lecture 19 (April 1st)CubaCuba is an island country in the Caribbean. Havana is the capital of Cuba and also its largest city.The island of Cuba was inhabited by numerous Mesoamerican tribes prior to the landing of Christopher Columbus in 1492. Cuba remained a colony of Spain until the Spanish-American War of 1898 when it gained nominal independence as a de facto U.S. protectorate in 1902. Cuba is the largest island in the Caribbean with over 11 million inhabitants. Today, Cuba is the only remaining communist state to receive a “very high” human development ranking from the United Nations.RumbaRumba is a family of percussive rhythms, song and ballroom dance that originated in Cuba as a combination of various musical traditions. The name “rumba” derives from the Cuban Spanish word rumbo, which means “party”, or “spree”. Rumba is played in both triple-pulse and duple-pulse structures. The three conga parts are known as salidor, Segundo, and quinto (the leaddrum). Rhythmically, rumba is based on the five-stroke guide pattern called clave and the inherent structure it conveys. There are three main forms of rumba: yambu, guaguanco, and Columbia. Yambu and guaguanco songs often begin with the soloist singing meaningless syllables called the diana. Rumba songs consist of two main sections. The first called the canto features the lead vocalist performing an extended text of verses that are sometimes partially improvised. The lead singer usually plays claves. The first section may last a few minutes until the lead vocalist signals for the other singers to repeat the short refrain of the chorus, in call andresponse. This second section of the song is sometimes referred to as the montuno.The conga is a tall, narrow, single-headed South American drum. It is staved like a barrel. The conga is the principal instrument in rumba. Congas are usually played in sets of two to four with the fingers and the palm of the hand. They may be played while seated or standing. Claves are a percussion instrument consisting of a pair of short, thick dowels. They are traditionally made of wood. In modern times, they are made of fiberglass or plastics. When struck together, they produce a bright clicking sound. Claves are sometimes hollow and carved in the middle to amplify the sound. Son CubanoSon cubano is a style of music and dance that originated in Cuba and gained worldwide popularity in the 1930s. It combines the structure and elements of Spanish cancion and the Spanish guitar with African rhythms and percussion instruments of Bantu origin. Son cubano’s derivatives and fusions, especially salsa, have spread across the world. The basic son ensemble includes guitar, tres, claves, bongos, marimbula or botija, and maracas.Clave (Rhythm)The clave rhythmic pattern is used as a tool for temporal organization in Afro-Cuban music. The five-stroke clave pattern represents the structural core of many Afro-Cuban rhythms. Afro-Cuban DrumsBongos are an Afro-Cuban percussion instrument consisting of a pair of small open bottomed drums of different sizes. They are membranophones. Bongo drums produce relatively