MUSIC 0311 1st EditionQuiz # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 5-11Lecture 5 (January 28th)IndonesiaIndonesia is in Southeast Asia. Only 922 of its thousands of islands are inhabited. Java is the most populated island of Indonesia. Indonesia had been colonized by Europeans for a long time,and had only attained independence in 1943.Indonesia has the most Muslim population in the world. Muslim beliefs came in the 13th century.The largest ethnic group in Indonesia is Javanese. Each ethnic group has its own language, but there is also a standard Indonesian language.GamelanGamelan is the name of a set of instruments. Each instrument in a gamelan has its own unique name. Gamelan is not necessarily a purely Indonesian art form. There are a lot of subsets of gamelan. It was one of the first ensembles studied by westerners when they started looking at non-western music and it has been around for a very long time. Gamelan is primarily composed of idiophones. About half of the idiophones in it are metallophones, which are instruments that are struck and make a sound. The other half is made up of gongs, which are metallic discs that are tuned. The raised part in the center of the gong is what makes the sound. Most instruments in gamelan are tuned. Gamelans are built as one ensemble and tuned as one ensemble. Each gamelan is unique in itself. They have tuning systems and pitches.For a very long time, gamelan was considered to have a spiritual power. One should not wear shoes while playing nor should one eat near the gamelan. Each gamelan tends to have its own name. University of Pittsburgh’s is called—“Venerable Rivers of Gold”. Gamelan is used in some pop music nowadays. It is believed to be the abodes of spirits. Wars were fought over Gamelan. It was a rule that you could play Gamelan during the month of fasting but not the largest gong. However, this became a problem so they got rid of the rule in Islamic beliefs.Characteristics of Gamelan MusicGamelan music is cyclical (very repetitive).There are 3 levels of Musical Activity. - Melody- Elaboration- Rhythmic Punctuation o Colonomic Structure: certain beats within the piece are marked at specific times by specific instruments.  The gong often signals this.  It is found in many music’s around the world.Gamelan music has tuning systems and there are scaled but they aren’t the same between gamelans.Gamelan degungThis is a gamelan tuned to a degung scale. It is used as court music in western Javanese setting. It is a 32 beat cycle.Gamelan and Wayang KultThis is gamelan used during shadow puppet shows. This is used in central Javanese society. Puppetry is of high regard in Indonesia. It is either Indonesian, Islamic, or Indian in origin. This istheatrical music for the gamelan. Sometimes these shows go from sunrise to sunset.Lecture 6 (February 2nd)ChinaAs of 2010, there were 1.3 billion people in China. It is the most populated country in the world.There are 56 different ethnic groups in China. One particular ethnic group is called Han. 91.6% of the population is Han Chinese. Han Chinese people largely live on the right side of China.Qin (guqin)The qin is pronounced ‘chin’. Another name for the qin is guqin, which is pronounced ‘goo chin’. Guqin means ancient qin. The qin is one of the oldest instruments in Chinese culture, and in the world, that is still being used today. It dates back to at least 3,000 years ago. The qin is performed typically sitting down a table being plucked with one’s fingers. There are defined compositions in qin performance. One song name “Geese Descend on Level Sands” was written as much as 500 years ago. The qin is a very quiet instrument and most qin songs have poetic themes. Qin music is art music. There are writings about qin music from thousands of years ago.The qin is a zither, which is a stringed instrument that’s strings are drawn across a board. When the qin first started being used, it was often used to accompany poetry or singing. Now, it isprimarily a solo instrument. Each of the circles on the instrument represents a particular stopping point on the strings to create certain tones. Both hands are used on the qin—the right is hand used for plucking and the left hand to create the different tones. Every qin has a name. Another song performed on the qin named “Lament of Departure” has a poem recited with it.Chinese Written LanguageChinese written language has existed for thousands of years. It is said to have developed in the 2nd century B.C.E. It is one of the oldest writing systems that is still being used today. Because it is so old, it lets scholars refer to things from the past.Qin TablatureTablature is a particular form of notation that tells you exactly what to do to play a piece. If you can read this, you can play a piece. Qin music uses this. In qin tablature, there is little reference to tempo, dynamics and rhythm. Tempo, dynamics and rhythm are mainly up to the individual to interpret.Qin and the LiteratiThe literati was a certain class of Chinese society made up of government officials. For a period of time, qins were destroyed because of the association it had with the literati. The qin was regarded as a personal instrument and it was not meant to be used to show off, but for personalachievement. People had qins that couldn’t even play them because of what the qin represents.The Value and Function of MusicMusic is:- A means for expressing emotions- A vehicle for spiritual/religious contemplation- Part of event ceremonies- Part of other performing actsMusic and Confucianism (shi yin and chi yue)Confucianism developed in the spring and autumn period. It is a religion of optimistic humanismthat primarily deals with moral conduct and ethical living. Chinese society was a Confucian society for a long time. Within Confucian society, they believed that music could have both positive and negative effects. Shi yin is proper sound, or good music. This music is considered appropriate and soft. Chi yue is extravagant music. This music is considered inappropriate, loud, and noisy. Shi yin is an important educational tool for bettering oneself. They believed that oneshould not play the qin for money in front of a lot of people because it goes against the ethic of qin performance.Lecture 7 (February 4th)TaikoTaiko is a family of drums. It means “fat drum”. It is defined as a drum that is hit with a stick and there are many different types of taiko. Taiko is found in every