MUSIC 0311 1nd EditionQuiz # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 4Lecture 1 (January 7)Classifications of InstrumentsIdiophones are instruments that produce sound when the instrument itself vibrates. Anything can be an idiophone if it is used in a musical manner. An example of an idiophone is a cymbal. The idiophone is the oldest kind of instrument and it is also a major category of instruments.Membranophones are instruments that produce sound when a membrane, stretched over a frame, vibrates. Most membranes are attached to some sort of resonating chamber, which allows the sound to project/amplify. An example of a membranophone is a drum.Chordophones are instruments that produce sound when a string vibrates. An example of a chordophone is a guitar.Aerophones are instruments that produce sound through the direct vibration of air. An example of an aerophone is a flute.Instruments can fall into more than one category.Musical TerminologySound. Timbre, pronounced “tam-ber”, is the quality/characteristic of the sound. No two peoplesound the same. Also, instruments sound different if they are constructed differently from each other. For example, two different sized flutes would sound different from each other. Some cultures may like the sound of music that other cultures don’t.Pitch. A pitch is a tone, often determined by frequency level (frequency of vibration). A definite pitch is when there is a certain frequency that dominates over others. An indefinite pitch is a little blurrier and does not make a clear pitch.Melody. A melody is an organized collection of pitches forming a musical idea.Tuning System. A tuning system is the collection of pitches used in a musical tradition. Tuning systems can differ greatly between different cultures.Scale. A scale is a set of pitches used in a performance.Sudra(Commoners, Peasants, Servants)Viasya(Merchants, Landowners)Kshatryia(Warriors)Bhramin(Priests)Out cast- out of caste, Untouchables(Street Sweepers, Latrine Cleaners)Dynamics. Dynamics are the volume (the loudness or softness) of sound.Time. With time in music, there are beats, tempos, and meters. A beat is a regular pulsation of sound. A tempo is the speed of the beat. A tempo can be any speed—fast, slow, medium, etc. A meter is a system of grouping beats into units.Lecture 2 (January 12) India and the Indian SubcontinentIndia is the second most populous country in the world. Islam has been in India since the 10th century and countries around India are mostly of Islamic religion. Therefore, Islam does play a role in Indian music. Also, Hinduism is the most dominant religion in India.VedasVedas is one of the major elements of Hinduism. They are very old sacred texts that are usually orally transmitted. Orally transmitted music tends to last longer.Vedic ChantIn one regard, Vedic chants may not be conceived as music. However, we can view it as music. Itis the rhythmic chanting of words from Vedas. Vedic chants have rhythm and pitches. They usually use 3 major pitches and there are different durations to which the pitches are given. Pitches are generally divided into high, medium, and low. The text dictates the music; the music does not dictate the text. Vedic chanting can go on for hours and can only be done by Brahmin’s(priests) of Hindi society.Varna (caste) SystemIndian Musical Instruments (Northern India)A tabla is a membranophone. Tabla is a name for the pair of instruments (drums). It is played using ones hands sitting down. It is used as both a solo and accompaniment instrument, but it israrely played by itself. Bol(s) are syllables that are used to represent sounds on the table. There is a different syllable when using one hand than when using both hands to play.A sitar is a chordophone. Drones are single notes that are used continuously played throughout the piece. Whenever the main strings are plucked on a sitar, the other strings will vibrate. This iscalled sympathetic vibration. It is rare to have a sitar performance without the presence of the tabla.A tanpura (tambura) is similar to a sitar, but it does not have frets. A tanpura is a chordophone. 99% of the time, a tanpura is used to accompany a sitar player. The tanpura player is usually a student of the sitar player. The main purpose of the tanpura is to use it as a drone.Tabla, sitar, and tanpura are usually used together. These three instruments represent a fundamental element of Indian music.Characteristics of Indian Music- Musical Layerso Melodic Soloisto Accompanying drummero Drone instrument-Ragao A melodic elemento Raga is a system of rules and procedures for melodic composition and improvisation. There are many different ragas in Indian music with each of them having a different set of rules. Another word for raga is mode.- Talao Rhythmic elementLecture 3 (January 14)Characteristics of Indian MusicRaga tends to be organized into 3 primary sections: Alap, Jor, and Jhala. Alap is the beginning of the Raga. It is typically unmetered, meaning that it does not have a steady beat. Jor is typicallythe longest part and it starts whenever the drummer comes in to the piece. Jhala is a little morerhythmic than melodic and it is faster than Alp and Jor. The drone strings tend to be used more often during Jhala. Certain Raga are supposed to be played at certain times of the day only. Some Ragas can be played at anytime, but some cannot.Tala is a cyclical (certain grouping of beats that gets repeated) rhythmic framework. It’s a way oforganizing the meters of the piece. There are a fixed number of beats in a Tala. One type of Tala is Tintal, which is the most commonly used Tala in Northern Indian music. To find the cycle when listening to a piece, listen for repeated elements and patterns. Tali-Khali is something people call out when describing the piece. Tali is used for clapping and Khali used is for not clapping.Rasa is the mood created by a Raga in both those who play the piece and those who listen to it. Indian HistoryDate Event2nd -1st Millennium BCE Arrival of Aryan Nomads13th Century CE Muslim invaders enter IndiaPeople of Hindi religion believe that music can influence nature.The Divide of Indian MusicNorthern Indian music is called Hindustani. Hindustani music is largely improvisational and instrumental musicSouthern Indian music is called Carnatic. Carnatic music is largely composed and vocal and has recognized composers. There is a language difference between Carnatic and Hindustani music. Also, Ragas and Talas