MUSIC 0311 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 12-17Lecture 12 (February 25th)The Muslim WorldOver 1.6 billion people, or 24.6% of the world’s population is Muslim. Islamic lifestyles emphasize unity and defense of fellow Muslims. Islam & Music (Recitation of the Quran)Recitation of the Quran is the reading aloud, reciting or chanting portions of the Quran. The reciter is called a qari. Recitation of the Quran should be done according to the rules of pronunciation, intonation, and caesuras established by the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Each melodic passage centers on a single tone level. Skilled readers of the Quran can read professionally for mosques in cities.Defining “Music”In Islamic theory, expressions that combine pitch and rhythm are divided into a higher-level category called non-musiqa and a lower level category called Musiqa. Non-musiqa is recited, nonmetric, unaccompanied and improvised according to certain rules. Musiqa is instrumental, composed and metric. Non-musiqa is halal, which means it is permissible to use or engage in according to Islamic law. Musiqa is haram, which means it is sinful. Haram is used to refer to anyact that is forbidden by the Allah.Adhan (Islamic Call to Prayer)Adhan is the Islamic call to worship that is recited by the muezzin at prescribed times of the day.It is used to summon Muslims for mandatory worship. The Adhan recites the Takbir followed by the Shadada. This statement of faith is called the Kalimah and is the first of the Five Pillars of Islam.SufismSufism is a concept in Islam, defined by scholars as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam. In Sufism, Muslims seek to find the truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience of God. Mevlevi OrderThe Mevlevi Order is a Sufi order founded in Konya. It has preserved the spiritual teachings of Mawlana Jalaluddin Rumi, his descendants, successors and followers for over 700 years.Sama (Sema in Turkish)Sama is a Sufi ceremony performed as dhikr. Sama means “listening” and dhikr means “remembrance”. Often, these rituals include singing, playing instruments, dancing, recitation of poetry and prayers, wearing symbolic attire, and other rituals.The Mevlevi Order in TurkeySufi organizations are still illegal in Turkey and the Mevlevi Order was outlawed there in September 1925. Since it was outlawed in Turkey, Mevlevi activity has been very restricted and private.Lecture 13 (March 2nd)AfricaAfrica is the world’s second largest and second most populous continent. Africa covers about sixpercent of Earth’s total surface area and had about 1.1 billion people as of 2013. 50% of Africans are 19 years old or younger. Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa is the area of Africa that lies south of the Sahara Desert. Since about 3500 B.C.E., the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara. The traditional Sub-Saharan music is about as diverse as the region’s various populations. A large part of Sub-Saharan music is rhythmic and centered around the drum. Dance involves moving multiple body parts.Colonized AfricaFrom the 1870s to 1900, Africa faced eventual conquest and colonization by the Europeans. TheEuropean imperialist push into Africa was motivated by three main factors: economic, political, and social.General Characteristics of Sub-Saharan African MusicSub-Saharan African Music has interlocking rhythms. It also has cyclical forms with a use of ostinato, which is a continually repeated musical phrase or rhythm. This music uses polyrhythm,which is the simultaneous occurrence of sharply contrasting rhythms within a composition.Lastly, Sub-Saharan African music uses call and response. Call and response in music is a succession of two distinct phrases usually played by different musicians, where the second phrase is heard as a direct commentary on or response to the first. In African cultures, call and response is a pervasive pattern of democratic participation. Call and response is a tradition that African men and women have transmitted over the years in various forms of expression, such asreligious observance, public gatherings, children’s rhymes, and in music. Ewe Dance-DrummingEwe dance-drumming refers to the drumming ensembles of the Ewe people of Ghana, Togo, andBenin. The Ewe people are known for their experience in drumming throughout West Africa.EweThe Ewe of both nations share much of the same traditional rhythms and dances but the various villages like to compete against each other by improving their drumming. Some Ewe rhythms and songs are highly religious, while others talk about the history and remarkable events of the Ewe people. Other rhythms and songs are just for entertainment. One of the drums of the Ewe people is called the Atsimevu, which is a master drum that is between 5 and 6feet in length. The atsimevu has to be leaned over to be played, but a typical ensemble consists of various drums and supporting instruments. One traditional rhythm of the Ewe people is the Agbadza. Today this rhythm is a very fun recreational dance.Lecture 14 (March 4th)MbiraMbira is a lamellophone of the Shona ethnic group, from Zimbabwe. It is a thumb piano, which is an African musical instrument that consists of a wooden board with attached staggered metal tines. It is played by holding it in one’s hands and plucking the tines with one’s thumbs. This instrument is considered an idiophone. ShonaShona is the name collectively given to two groups of Bantu people in the east and southeast of Zimbabwe. Shona is the largest ethnic group in Zimbabwe. These people are divided into Western Shonas and Eastern Shonas.BiraBira is a Shona spirit possession ritual. It is an all night ritual in which members of an extended family call on ancestral spirits for guidance and intercession. The attendees at this ceremony participate in singing, dancing and hand clapping. There are two mbira players who are joinedby a player on a pair of gourd shakers, called a hosho. The mbira playing and singing are all improvised off the familiar basic patterns. In a Bira, music that was favored by the ancestors when they were alive is used to summon the spirits to possess living mediums. HoshoThe hosho are Zimbabwean musical instruments consisting of a pair of maranka gourds with seeds. The hosho typically contain hota seeds inside them. The hosho are used to accompany Shona music, especially mbira music. They