MUSIC 0311 1nd Edition Lecture 17Outline of Last LectureI. “Latin America”II. Languages in “Latin America”III. Three HeritagesIV. Atlantic Slave TradeV. BrazilVI. SambaVII. Samba De RodaVIII. PandieroIX. Carnival and SambaX. Carnival EnsemblesOutline of Current LectureI. An Abridged History of BrazilII. Zumbi dos PalmaresIII. Capoeira HistoryIV. Johann Mortiz RugendasV. Capoeira SuppressionVI. Academy Period/Contemporary CapoeiraVII. Angola v RegionalVIII. Bateria: The Instrumental Ensemble of CapoeiraIX. Types of Songs in the RodaX. Capoeira CharacteristicsCurrent LectureAn Abridged History of BrazilBrazil was colonized in the 1500s, or the 16th century, by Portugal. By the 1550s, Portuguese colonizers imported African slaves to grow crops—sugar was Brazil’s largest crop and was exported globally. In 1822, Brazil won independence from Portugal. In 1888, slavery was These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.abolished, but Brazil was the last nation to abolish slavery in the West. Colonialism left Brazil with a large population of African and Portuguese descendants, in addition to the surviving native indigenous people. Zumbi dos PalmaresZumbi dos Palmares was the leader of the Palmares Quilombo-Slave Colony. He was born free but later was captured and sold in his early childhood. Upon his escape, he returned to Alagoas and dedicated his life to resisting Portuguese/colonial rule. Also, he was one of the earliest recorded capoeira practitioners. Many people in Palmares were capoeira practitioners. Zumbi is recognized nationally in Brazil on November 20th on Afro-Brazilian Consciousness Day.Capoeira HistoryCapoeira in Rio de Janeiro was a slave practice and a tool of cultural retention in the 1800s to the 1820s.The 1830s to the 1890s was the Suppression period. There was Capoeira: A Secrete Society and capoeira was officially outlawed in 1890.From the 1900s to the present is the Academy Period in Bahia with changing public reception: race and class.Johann Mortiz RugendasJohann Mortiz Rugendas was a German artist who traveled around Latin America in the 19th century, documenting landscapes and people through his art. He is significant because he introduced capoeira to Europeans. Capoeira SuppressionBy the mid 19th century, capoeira was practiced by a diverse group of people including free blacks, slaves, and poor people of mixed race. Socially, capoeira was frowned upon because of its association with Black populations and lower classes. Participating in capoeira was an act punishable by law. As a result of this, concealing one’s identity then became a part of capoeira culture. Today, this is maintained formally by giving capoeiristas apelidos (nicknames).Academy Period/Contemporary CapoeiraFrom the 1840s to the 1870s, political leaders saw the effective defense techniques of capoeira. Also, men in the National Guard and other branches of the military trained capoeira.Mestre Bimba intervened and was credited with systematizing capoeira and bringing the sport to elite Brazilian society. Although capoeira schools existed prior to Bimba’s intervention, he is noted as the father of modern capoeira because of his focus on de-stigmatizing capoeira practices. After capoeira became “legitimized” by Bimba in the early 20th century, Brazil began to recognize and celebrate capoeira.Angola v RegionalThe “legitimization” of capoeira created a social distinction between a high-class sport and a low-class ethnic ritual. This distinction is further characterized by the change in location over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. Bateria: The Instrumental Ensemble of CapoeiraOne instrument in this ensemble is the berimbau, which is a single-string percussion instrument, a musical bow. Gunga, Medio, and Viola refer to the sizes and relative pitches of thegourd resonators. A caxixi is a shaker.Another instrument is the Atabaque, which is a tall, wooden, Afro-Brazilian hand drum. The Pandeiro is a type of hand frame drum. The drumhead is tunable, and the rim holds metal jingles, which are cupped creating a crisper, drier and less sustained tone on the pandeiro than the tambourine.An Agogo is a double bell an the reco-reco is a scraped percussion instrument. Types of Songs in the RodaOne type of song is the Ladainha, which is a praise song to God, Master/Teachers in capoeira. The lead berimbau player sings while the bateria accompanies. Another type of song is Chula, which initiates the call and response between the leader and the group. The group repeats the phrase, adding the exclamatory phrase, “Ie”. This marks the first instance of call and response.Corrido is another type of song in the Roda that is a call and response song that is often short. Corridos cover many topics. Capoeira games start with signal from lead berimbau/singer.Capoeira CharacteristicsCapoeira is folk music that is call and response. It is polyrhythmic and uses syncopation. It has a use of buzz tones and a nasal quality of vocals. Group participation is another characteristic of capoeira