PSYC 4620 1st EditionExam #2 Study Guide Lectures: 10 - 17Lecture 10 (February 16)Chapter 5Neo-Freudian TheoryFreud’s Psychoanalytic Society- Studied under Freud- Disagreement=blasphemy- Followers left and formed new associations- 4 peopleNeo-Freudians- Elaborated upon Freud’s theories- Similarities:o Unconsciouso Early childhood plays a big role in developmento Defense mechanismso Dream interpretation- Differenceso Took into account adult experienceso Neo-Freudians began saying social/cultural influences on personalityo Freud was very negative, Neo-Freudians were more positive and rejected the pessimistic image of personality Ego: does more than just balanceo Looked at conscious determinants of behavior and personalityo Talking about humans reaching potential, not just resolving conflictsAlfred Adler- Individual Psychology- First to break off Freud- Formed his own journal (Freud controlled the only one before that)- Important contributionso Striving for superiorityo Parental influenceso Birth orderStriving for Superiority- There’s a single motivating force= striving for superiority- Every person begins life feeling inferior, b/c baby humans cannot do anything themselves- Everything we do from the time we unconscious realization that we are inferior is striving for superiority- Achievement is the thing that moves us away from inferiority- The more inferior we feel, stronger the strive for superiority is- Inferiority complexo Excessive feelings of inferiorityo Striving for superiority but not quite getting thereo If you have it: helplessness and strive for superiority slows downo Adults who have it: run away from challenges instead of trying to achieve things- Achievement alone is not an indicator of mental health- The key is to strive for superiority while also keeping social interest in mind (don’t be a jerk)o You will be a poorly adjusted person if you do not think about other peopleParental Influences on Personality Development- Pamperingo Coddlingo Robs children of independenceo Adds to feelings of inferiority- Neglecto Parents who aren’t there for their children emotionallyo Too little attention from parents o Children grow up cold and suspicious, incapable of warm adult relationshipsBirth Order- First-borns (not only children)o Subjected to pamperingo First born gets “dethroned” when other children are born, causes increasing feelings of inferiorityo First-borns: “problem children, criminals, pedophiles”- Middle childreno Never pamperedo Have a strong strive for superiority b/c no overwhelming feelings of inferiority by being dethroned or pamperedo Highest achievers, spend lives trying to catch up with older siblingso Perfect balance between inferiority and strive for superiority- Last-bornso Constantly pamperedo Spoiled and dependento Strong inferiority feelingsEvaluating Birth Order- Limited support for Adler’s theories- Theories don’t correlate well with scores on personality measures- Structure and dynamics of families have changed a lot since his timeo Not as applicable todayo Less children today, divorce, single parents- Impact of birth order on personality is more complex than Adler thoughtLecture 11 (February 18) Carl Jung- Freud’s golden boy- Analytic Psychology- Ancient mythology and Eastern religion- Abstract conceptsThe Collective Unconscious (Jung)- Personal unconscious: The unconscious as Freud described it- Collective unconscious: Thoughts and images all people are born witho Inherited from ancestorso Inherit thoughts and imageso Ex: fear of snakes inherited from ancestorso Collective unconscious never really repressedo Made up of primordial images- Primordial images:o Umbrella term for everything that exists in the unconsciouso Archetype The images we inherit from our ancestors Now used in literature Many archetypes Read pg. 102 A specific figure or representation (“the hero,” “the mother figure”)- Everyone has two types of unconscious: personal and collective unconsciousEvidence for the Collective Unconscious- Mythology, cultural symbols, dreams, statements from schizophrenics- Primordial images found in all cultures across timeo Recurrence of certain images/symbolso America: eagle, flag, apple pie- Symptom: hallucinationso People who are hallucinating describe their hallucinations and those descriptionsfollow archetypes- Collective unconscious is the same for everyone= primordial images/archetypes in dreams, cultural contents, art, musicErik Erikson- Not educationally trained in psych- Ego psychology- Ego: relatively powerful, independent part of personalityo Does more than just balance id and superego- Principle function of ego: Establish and maintain a sense of identity- Awareness of our own identity comes from the ego- Imagining the future comes from ego (Y2k, Mayan calendar)- Identity crisiso Primary time of life to have identity crisis: adolescenceErikson’s Life Cycle- Personality develop continues throughout life cycle- Stage theory:o 8 stages or “forks,” “crises”o How we resolve crises determines personality developmento Adaptive vs. maladaptiveThe 8 CrisesTrust vs. Mistrust- Adaptive resolution: trust- Maladaptive: mistrust- Infancy- Can I get my needs met?Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt- Adaptive: autonomy- Maladaptive: shame and doubt- Toddlerhood- Is the world something I can control or something that controls me?Initiative vs. Guilt- Early childhood- Can I find friends and resolve disputes?Industry vs. Inferiority- Elementary school- Am I good at what I do compared to other children?Identity vs. Role Confusion- Adolescence- Who am I?Intimacy vs. Isolation- Young adulthood- Can I develop intimate relationships?Generativity vs. Stagnation- Middle age adulthood- Have I had an impact on the next generation?Ego Integrity vs. Despair- Old age- Has my life been meaningful and satisfying?Karen Horney- Questioned Freud’s views on women- Role of cultural and social forces on personality- Neurosis (learn on your own in book)o Why are neurotic people, neurotico What is their interpersonal styleo Where does the neurosis come fromo Compare and contrast 3 interaction stylesLecture 12 (February 20)Karen Horney- Dad= cruel disciplinarian- Focused on child perception of eventsNeurosis- Self-defeating interpersonal styleo Type of defense mechanismo Pushing people away- Comes from homes that foster anxiety- Develop strategies for dealing with threatening peopleInteraction Styles- Moving towardo Any