PSYC 4620 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture I. Six Approaches II. The Overlapping of ApproachesIII. Personality and CultureOutline of Current Lecture II. Individualism vs. CollectivismIII. How to Study PersonalityIV. Hypothesis TestingV. VariablesCurrent LectureIndividualism vs. Collectivism- Individualistic cultures: emphasis on individual needs and accomplishments- Collectivistic cultures: Emphasis on belonging to a larger group, cooperation rather than competition- More differences within a group than between groups in individualistic cultures- The individualistic-collectivistic continuum is a starting placeThe Study of Personality: Fundamentals- Theory: A comprehensive model for how human personality is structured and how it operates- Application: How the information gained from research is used in a way that directly affects people’s lives- Assessment: How psychologists from different approaches measure and operationalize psychology- Research: The scientific study of personality and personality constructsTheoryApplication Assessment ResearchThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Theory- Attempt to describe patterns of behavior and interpersonal processes- Goals:o Explain mechanisms that underlie personalityo How does personality developo What can we do to influence/change/treat personality- Important questions when formulating a theory:o Genetics vs. environment? (nature vs. nurture): What shapes our personality? Is it genetics we receive from our parents or the environment and atmosphere we grew up in?o Conscious vs unconscious processeso Free will vs. determinism: Do we get the choice of how our lives go or is it already pre-determined?Application- Putting theory into practice to address problems- Examples of application:o Psychotherapyo Educational environmentso Organizations (workplace)Assessment- Dependent on the definition of personality- Tools:o Self report (MMPI2, PAI)o Ambiguous stimuli (Rorschach, TAT)o Observation of behavioro Clinical Interview (SCID-II)o Physiological Data (Heart rate, EEG). Physiological data is used the least in personalityThe Hypothesis Testing Approach- It all starts with a theory- Characteristics of a good theory:o Parsimonious (simple, few assumptions)o Useful- Hypothesis;o Prediction about the relationship between variables that comes from a theory- Theory Prediction TestTypes of Variables- Independent variable (IV)o The thing you are manipulatingo Groupingo Treatment- Dependent variable (DV)o The thing that changes as a result of the manipulation of the
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