PSYC 4620 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 9Lecture 1 (January 23)Person and Situation- Situations (the environment) and individual differences (the person) contribute to behavior (one area of focus)- People act differently in different situationso Ex: Emily has a very calm personality, but when her dog goes missing, she becomes very scared and neurotic.- Different people don’t act the same in the same situationo For example: 2 students: John and Emily. John is generally very uptight and anxious. Emily is usually very calm (2 different people with different personalities). Both students leave only 2 hours to study for their exam (same situation). Emily tackles her 2 hours calmly and effectively. John panics for an hour, then starts studying.Definitions of Personality- Universal truth of psychology: it depends- Hard to agree- different schools of thought have different answers- This creates pros and consA Generic Definition of Personality- Consistent behavior patterns and intrapersonal processes originating within the individual.Behavior Patterns- Individual differences in general patterns of behavior- Behavior clues us into the person- we can see part of who they are by looking at what they do- Behavior is data, concreteConsistent- Personality is stable across time and situations***- Logic bomb: If personality exists, and if behavior is not merely a reflection of the situation, then there is some consistency to the way people actBehavior is not solely a function of the situation, but also how we generally deal with the situation because of our unique internal processes.- Hollow, muscular organ about the size of a clenched fist. - Weighs less than one pound. - Serves as the pump that imparts pressure to the blood to establish the pressure gradient needed for blood to flow to the tissues.Six Schools of Thought in Personality Research1) Psychoanalytic (Freudian/Neo-Freudian, unconscious minds)2) Trait (Continuum of personality traits)3) Biological (Genetics, physiological aspects)4) Humanistic (Personal responsibility, self acceptance)5) Behavioral/Social Learning (Conditioning)6) Cognitive (How you process information)Lecture 2 (January 26) Multicuturalism- Personality and culture are intertwined and super important- Question: If personality is distinct from situational influences on behavior, how can culture be important in personality?o Easy answer: Different experiences in different cultures affect personality developmento More complex answer: People and their personalities exist within a cultural context- Example of personality and culture: Western cultures are a very individualistic culture, celebrate personal achievements, care more about themselves than others. Countries in Asia are very collectivistic cultures. It’s more about the good of the people as a wholeLecture 3 (January 28)The Study of Personality: Fundamentals- Theory: A comprehensive model for how human personality is structured and how it operates- Application: How the information gained from research is used in a way that directly affects people’s lives- Assessment: How psychologists from different approaches measure and operationalize psychology- Research: The scientific study of personality and personality constructsTheoryApplication Assessment ResearchTheory- Attempt to describe patterns of behavior and interpersonal processes- Goals:o Explain mechanisms that underlie personalityo How does personality developo What can we do to influence/change/treat personality- Important questions when formulating a theory:o Genetics vs. environment? (nature vs. nurture): What shapes our personality? Is it genetics we receive from our parents or the environment and atmosphere we grew up in?o Conscious vs unconscious processeso Free will vs. determinism: Do we get the choice of how our lives go or is it already pre-determined?Application- Putting theory into practice to address problems- Examples of application:o Psychotherapyo Educational environmentso Organizations (workplace)Assessment- Dependent on the definition of personality- Tools:o Self report (MMPI2, PAI)o Ambiguous stimuli (Rorschach, TAT)o Observation of behavioro Clinical Interview (SCID-II)o Physiological Data (Heart rate, EEG). Physiological data is used the least in personalityThe Hypothesis Testing Approach- It all starts with a theory- Characteristics of a good theory:o Parsimonious (simple, few assumptions)o Useful- Hypothesis;o Prediction about the relationship between variables that comes from a theory- Theory  Prediction  TestTypes of Variables- Independent variable (IV)o The thing you are manipulatingo Groupingo Treatment- Dependent variable (DV)o The thing that changes as a result of the manipulation of the IVLecture 4 (January 30)Speaking of IVs- Interaction effecto When you have 2 or more IVs- Manipulated IVo Causality (researcher does assigning)- Nonmanipulated IV (participant variable, self-sort by characterstic)o These are IVs you cannot just give to people, such as having schizophrenia or growing up with divorced parents- Non-manipulated is used the mosto It is harder to do manipulatedo More costly to do manipulated o You cannot manipulate all variableso Sometimes it is not ethical to have manipulated variablesTiming is Everything- Fact: Hypotheses come from theories- Assumption: Prediction should happen beforehand- A priori is the goal (“before the study”)Replication- One data point is not enough- There can be many reasons why a researcher may have found significant results- Replicationo How we know a finding is for real- File drawer problemo When a study has no significant results, it is usually not published and is stuck in a “file drawer.” Future researchers, when wanting to study the same thing, then cannot find the prior research to help them with their study- How to know if replicated studies are for real:o Different conditions (weather, time of year)o Different samples (males, people over 50)Lecture 5 (February 2)Sigmund Freud: A Quest for Fame- Neurologist turned psychologist- Early work was on the medicinal benefits of cocaine- Influenced by Charcot and Breur’s work on hypnosis- Work aimed at becoming famous-wasn’t very famous at firstHysteria: Where it All Began- Hysteriao A somatic disorder typically diagnosed in women in late 19th century- The case of Anna Oo She had hysteria symptomso Hallucinations, coughing, paralysiso Freud said her illness was as a result of resentment