PSYC 4620 1st EditionExam #4 Study Guide Lectures: 26 - 34Lecture 26 (April 15)Setting the Stage- American zeitgeist-equal opportunity- Distinguishing ideao Traditional behaviorism: observable behaviorJohn B. Watson- Mental states, consciousness, the mind, thoughts, feelings...worthless- Overt behavior: can be observed, predicted, controlled- Influenced by conditioning, Pavlov, Thorndike- Who you are as a person is basically the result of you being conditioned to respond in certain ways to certain situationsB.F. Skinner-Radical Behaviorism- Does not deny the existence of thoughts/inner experiences- Behavior and feelings are conditioned reactions to a situation- No free choice-response to environmental demandsClassical Conditioning- Stimulus-response associationo Unconditioned stimulus (meat)  Unconditioned response (drooling)o Conditioned stimulus (bell)o Repeato Conditioned response (bell)  conditioned response (drooling)- Second-order conditioningo Building upon previous work- Limitationo CS must be reinforced ExtinctionEdward Thorndike- Puzzle box- Law of effecto Behaviors are more likely to be repeated if they lead to satisfying consequenceso Less likely to be repeated if they lead to unsatisfying consequences- Operant conditioningOperant Conditioning- Effect of consequences on the frequency of behavior- Reinforcement: consequence increases the frequency of behavior- Punishment: decreases- Whether the consequence is a reinforce or punisher varies according to the person and situationLecture 27(April 17) Behavior + -+Consequence-Limitations of Punishment- Doesn’t teach appropriate behaviors, only teaches what is not appropriate- Immediate and consistent- Negative side effectso Associate other behaviorso Aversive reaction to people- ModelingBottom Line:- Punishment is least desirable choice to change problem behavior- Best case: temporary suppression, reinforce new behaviorShaping- Problem: a behavior can only be reinforced after it is performed- Solution: shaping (successive approximation)o Complex behaviorsGeneralization and Discrimination- Stimulus Generalizationo Learning carries over into new situationsPositive reinforcement Positive punishmentNegative reinforcement Negative Punishmento Minimal reinforcement needed- Stimulus Discriminationo Generalization must be reinforcedo Discriminate between rewarded and non-rewarded actions- Schedules of reinforcementTelling Them Apart- Classical Conditioningo Begins with an existing stimulus-response bond (pairing)- Operant Conditioningo Begins with behaviors the person/organism does spontaneouslySocial Learning Theory- Why can’t internal events like thoughts and attitudes be conditioned the same way as overt behavior?o They canKey Ideas- Social Learning Theoryo Umbrella term for a lot of theories- Bridges traditional behaviorism and cognitive theories- The way people treat you (environment) is partly the result of how you act (behavior)o Behavior-environment-behavior interactions- People often provide their own reinforcersJulian Rotter- Complexity of humans- Behavior potentialo Likelihood behavior will occur Expectancy: estimation of what will happen Internal/external locus of controlo Reinforcement value: Preference for reinforcementLecture 28 (April 20)Albert Bandura- Social cognitive theory- Reciprocal determinationo System with interacting influences that affect the behavior and the system itself Internal factors: thoughts, beliefs, expectations External factors: rewards, punishments Internal and external factors determine behavioro Imagination and self-regulation Pg. 358-up to youObservational Learning- Bandura’s money maker- Learn by watching others, note what works and what doesn’t o Observation I don’t have to do the behavior myself to learn it because I learned it through observationo Performance Whether or not you perform the behavior is going to depend on what youthink the outcome will be- Bobo doll experimento Kids who saw rewards when adults were aggressive were more likely be aggressive when left aloneApplicationBehavioral Explanations for Disorders- Abnormal behavior can be created through conditioning o Little Albert US: white rat, UR: play with it CS: loud noise CR: scream and cry Generalization: little Albert afraid of anything white and fluffyo Phobias  Classical conditioning learning can be reinforced by then operant conditioning- Wrong behavior gets reinforcedo Ex: OCDo Compulsions to reduce anxiety, so you keep doing it (washing your hands exactly 5 times)- Too little reinforcement  lack of appropriate behaviorsTreatments using Classical Conditioning- Systematic desensitizationo Fear of spiderso Hierarchy: what is the scariest thing involving spiders 10-1o Start at number 1 (the least scary thing involving spiders), then continue until there is no more fear involved with spiders- Aversion therapyo Pair something you hate with something you loveo Make a teenager smoke a whole pack of cigarettes to keep them from smokingTreatments using Operant Conditioning- Parenting skills, modifying children’s behavior- Biofeedbacko Tension headaches, blood pressure, heart rate, brain wavesSelf-Efficacy- Confidence in ability to exert control over motivation, behavior, environment- Outcome expectationo Actions=outcomeo The extent to which you believe that your actions will lead to a certain outcome- Efficacy expectationo Actions=possibleo The extent to which you believe you can perform the action- High level or low level of self-efficacy depends on these 2 expectations- Pg. 366: where do efficacy expectations come from?- Pg. 367: How to increase self-efficacyLecture 29 (April 22)Strengths- Solid foundation in empirical research- Therapeutic applicationso Baseline data/objective criteriao Populationso Cost-benefit- Social learningo Expanded, filled in gapsCriticisms- Too narrowo Especially traditional behaviorism- Role of heredity- Humans more complex than lab animalso Generalizability- Therapy-reduce everything to observable behaviors=distort the issueso Problem vs. symptomsChapter 14: ResearchGender Roles- Sex vs. gendero Sex: biologicalo Gender: identification- Traditional stereotypeso Men: aggressive, independent, assertive, unemotionalo Women: passive, dependent, affectionate- Some changes seen recently- Gender roles are culturally boundLifelong Process of Gender Role Socialization- Acquire and maintained through operant conditioning and observational