PSYC 4620 1st Edition Lecture 21 Outline of Last Lecture I. Evolutionary PsychologyII. Strengths of the Biological ApproachIII. Criticisms of the Biological ApproachOutline of Current Lecture IV. Basic EmotionsV. Evolution and EmotionVI. Twin StudiesVII. Extroversion/Extroversion ResearchCurrent LectureBasic Emotions- Fearo Warning of dangero Fight/flight/freezeo Women: tend and befriend- Angero Motivatingo Lets you know your rights have been violated and prompts you to take action- Sadnesso Draws in supporto Cry for help- Disgusto Something is objectionableo “This is not okay”o Food, seeing someone puke (environmental), over something someone did (interpersonal)- Surpriseo Not sure of adaptive functiono Distinct emotional reaction- Enjoymento Motivatedo Seek out and repeat whatever experience you just hadThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Contempto Element of condescension o Always interpersonal (between people, not in the environment)- Emotions show what we feel, also you can turn on your emotions using your physiology (facial features and body language)Evolution and Emotion- Emotions evolved because they serve an adaptive function- Arguments for bio basiso Common contextso Universalo Underlying and present in most people, so probably an inherited component- See emotions in primates- Automatic appraisalo We express an emotion before we even know what happenedo Emotions happen outside of our awareness- Distinctive physiology o ANS and CNSHeritability of Personality TraitsGenetics vs Environment?- Big Questiono How much comes from genetics and how much comes from environment- Gold star approach: twin study methodo Identical twins: monozygotic (MZ) Share 100% of geneso Fraternal twins: dizygotic (DZ) Share no more genetic material than brother and sister- Twins share similar environmentso Looking at MZ vs DZ tells us extent of genetic influence- 40% of personality is genetically basedo Based on twin studiesAssumption of Twin Studies- All twins who look the same are MZo Not true- MZ and DZ twins share equally similar environmentso Not trueo MZ share more similar environments- These can confound percentagesAdoption Studies- Children reared away from bio parentsoo Similar but weaker results-20% genetics- Assumptionso Adoptions are random Adopted households: stable financially, less problem in familieso Adoptive parents treat adopted kids similarly to biological parents Adoptive parents have fewer preconceived notions about how the child will turn outCombination Studies- MZ raised in same house vs MZ separated at birtho Tend to be similar regardless of environmentTake Away- Twin studies higher heritability than other studies- Nonadditive effectso Personality not simple or direct Not a linear passing down of a geneo Complex combo of more than one geneo MZ both have these effects, DZ don’tExtraversion/Introversion ResearchTwin Studies E/I- Swedish study, Finnish studyo MZ twins more alike than DZ twins on E/I- Pederson et al., 1988o MZ and DZ twins reared aparto Strong correlation between DZ twins reared apart, but not as strong as reared togetherExtraversion and Preferred Arousal Level- Up to you-pgs. 262-264Extraversion and Happiness- Extraverts are happier than introverts- Why?o Extraverts tend to socialize more Social contact is tied to well-being Need to feel competent and worthwhile Friends buffer against stresso Extraverts are more sensitive to rewards Enjoy seeking out rewards- But…o Extroverts are more impulsive than introvertso Double edged sword Introverts get stuff done Introverts have better
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