BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 7 Outline of Last Lecture I Reconstructing Evolutionary History a Darwin proposes Descent with Modification i Insight from others 1 Hutton s Gradualism 2 Lyell s uniformitarianism 3 Lamark s perspectives on fossils b Building phylogenetic trees i Evolutionary Patterns ii Tracing genealogies c Analogous vs Homologous characteristics d Hennig and phylogenetic characteristics i Apomorphies ii Plesomorphies iii Synapmorphies iv Symplesiomorphies e Phylogenies and classifications i Monophyletic groups ii Paraphyletic groups These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute iii Polyphyletic groups II Cycling Carbon a Charles Keeling Outline of Current Lecture I Cycling Carbon a Charles Keeling i Annual fluctuations in atmospheric carbon ii Steady increase in CO2 b Atmospheric CO2 i Influenced by 1 Geology 2 Biology 3 Humans ii Varies across eons iii Evidence for contributions from fossil fuels c Carbon and biodiversity II Diversity of Life Prokaryotes a Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes b Bacteria vs Archaea i Differ in histones metabolism cell wall components c Bacterial structure i Cell wall 1 Peptidoglycan ii Cell Shape 1 Coccus Bacillus Spirilla Current Lecture Cycling Carbon Charles Keeling Tracked CO2 Saw annual fluctuations His work 1 Annual CO2 cycle 2 Steady CO2 increase Atmospheric CO2 increased by Geological processes o Volcanoes o Mid ocean ridges Biological Processes o Respiration Humans o Deforestation o Burning fossil fuels Atmospheric CO2 decreased by Geological processes o Chemical weathering of rocks Biological processes o Photosynthesis Keeling was the first person to understand the effects of CO2 in the atmosphere CO2 is produced during respiration Photosynthesis and respiration use each other s products as reactants Plants use O2 during photosynthesis not CO2 Short term Carbon cycle Carbon cycle by means of the complementary process of photosynthesis and respiration 6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 6 O2 Carbon based organic molecules are called energy molecules because Energy is released when bonds in carbon containing compounds are broken Energy is stored in carbon containing organic compounds Energy is required to build carbon containing compounds CO2 increase correlates with Industrial Revolution CO2 levels correlate with the temperature Carbon isotope evidence correlates 1 2 3 4 Geologically produced CO2 has high 13C content Photosynthesis preferentially incorporates 12C Fossil fuels coal oil are photosynthetic products Fossil fuels contain reduced 14C isotope content Reduced 14C in atmospheric CO2 matches increased burning of fossil fuels Does correlation causation Carbon reservoirs the importance of biodiversity Microbial communities The Earth before eukaryotes Diversity of life on Earth Prokaryotes Organisms with the longest history are still diverse and abundant Eukaryotes Membrane Undergo mitosis Linear DNA Sex genetic diversity Similar genes to Archaea Archaea Live in harsh environment Undergo mitosis Special compounds within cell wall Lack of membrane bound vacuoles Bacteria No membrane bound organelles Cell walls contain peptidoglycan Binary fission Circular DNA Limited size due to diffusion Bacterial structure and diversity Cell wall components Gram stain o Gram positive thick peptidoglycan o Gram negative thin peptidoglycan Gram negative species are often toxic o Lipopolysaccharide layer Shape of cells Coccus Bacillus Spirilla Sqaure
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