BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 20 Outline of Last Lecture I. HomunculusII. Different muscle typesIII. How muscles worka. Sliding filament theoryb. Cross-bridge cycleIV. Fast twitch vs. slow V. SkeletonsVI. Intro to hormonesOutline of Current Lecture I. Invert hormonesII. Homeostasis revisitedIII. Types of hormonesIV. Hypothalamus and pituitaryV. Gas exchange and respiration typesVI. Oxygen bindingVII. Circulatory systemsCurrent LectureMajor Invertebrate Hormones (38.1)- Ecdycone- know the location, destination and purposeMultiple hormones at work (38.3)- Know this figureNegative feedback=Homeostasis (38.4)- Stimulus Sensor Effector Response - Negative feedback maintains homeostasis - Ex. Glucose (38.5)o Stimulus- high blood-glucose levelso Sensor- pancreaso Effector- insulin Blood cells take up glucoseThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Muscle and liver store it as glycogeno Response- decrease in blood-glucose levelsPositive feedback= NOT HOMEOSTASISThree classes of hormones (38.7)- Peptides- Amineso Both of these are not soluble in water- Steroido Can diffuse across plasma membrane, derivatives of cholesterol, hydrophobic, bind to cytoplasmic receptorsHow do hormones only affect specific targets?RECEPTORS!!Where would you expect to find a receptor on a specific hormone?CELL SURFACECell surface receptors (38.8)Intracellular receptors (38.8)Amplification- hormone signals go from small concentrations to large (38.9)Endocrine organs and their hormones (39.10)- Pineal- melatonin- Thyroid- thyroxin- Pancreas- insulin- Ovary- estrogen- Testis- testosterone- Adrenal- cortisol- Pituitary- cortisol- Hypothalamus- many stimulating hormonesHypothalamus- nervous/endocrine system interface (38.11)- Understand the role of the hypothalamus and its importanceVertebrate hormones (38.2)IMPORTANT- Hypothalamus- releasing factors- Anterior pituitary- thyroid stimulating, follicle stimulating, etc.Anterior vs. posterior pituitary hormonesModes of chemical signaling (38.13)- Distance= endocrine- Local= paracrine, autocrine or synaptic signalingPheromones- Chemical signaling between animals- Can demonstrate:o Mating timeso Territoryo Swarmingo Trailing (ANTS!!)o Attack Isoamyl acetate Banana oil 3-methylbutyl acetate - all of these are the same, released by bees and wasps when necessary to attacko Social interactions (38.16)Why do we have respiratory and circulatory systems?Gas exchange, circulate nutrients, send signals/hormones, etc. Gas exchange by diffusion- Not effective in larger animals due to surface area sizeGas exchange is driven by diffusion - Large animals need more- BULK FLOWo Ventilation and circulation + diffusionThree major types of gas exchange organs (39.4)- Lungs- Gills- TracheaCounter-current exchange= efficiencyLung surface area= huge for diffusion to take place- Hemoglobin (4) and myoglobin (1) bind oxygen in vertebrates- Myoglobin- stores oxygen in musclesMany inverts have hemocyanin-- Second only to hemoglobin in oxygen binding- Not in blood cells, but directly in the hemolymph (open circulatory
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