BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Cycling Carbona. Charles Keelingi. Annual fluctuations in atmospheric carbonii. Steady increase in CO2b. Atmospheric CO2i. Influenced by1. Geology2. Biology3. Humansii. Varies across eonsiii. Evidence for contributions from fossil fuelsc. Carbon and biodiversityII. Diversity of Life-Prokaryotesa. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotesb. Bacteria vs. Archaeai. Differ in histones, metabolism, cell wall componentsc. Bacterial structurei. Cell wall1. Peptidoglycanii. Cell ShapeCoccus, Bacillus, SpirillaOutline of Current Lecture I. Carbon briefly revisitedII. Phylogenies briefly revisitedIII. Bacteria continueda. Reason for shapeb. Motilityc. Metabolismd. Ecological rolese. Diversity: proteobacteria, archaea and otherf. Horizontal gene transferIV. Endosymbiosis and the rise of eukaryotesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current LectureCarbon Isotopes: looking at the axes- Know how to read graphsPhylogenetic tree- know how to readBacteria3 domains: Eukarya, Archaea and BacteriaSynapomorphies (shared derived characteristics):Eukaryotes- nucleus, cytoskeletonBacteria- peptidoglycan cell wallsArchaea- peptidoglycan walls(Refer to table 26.1 in book)Prokaryotic shapes/sizesWhat do the shapes have in common?Small, surface area is important!!MotilityBacterial flagellum, differs from other flagellaeDiversity of Prokaryotes- Cell wall components- Shape of cells- Prokaryotic flagellao Motilityo Response to stimuliNutritional Diversity:- Autotrophs: Carbon source-CO2o Photoautotrophs: energy from lighto Chemoautotrophs: inorganic chemicals- Heterotrophs: Carbon from organic compoundso Photoheterotrophs: ATP from lighto Chemoautotrophs: organic compoundsBacteria and Archaea play an important role in the carbon, sulfur and nitrogen cycle.Proteobacteria- Highly diverseo Purple bacteria- mostly anaerobico Chemoautotrophs- Rhizobiumo Chemoheterotrophs- E. ColiCyanobacteria- Photoautotrophs- blue green algae- Undergo photosynthesisArchaea- Not as ancient as assumed- Environmentso High temp, high acidity, high sulfur areas as well as benign conditions- Diversity:o Defined by DNA profileso Found in extreme environments o Can be found in oceansHorizontal gene transfer-3 types - Conjugation- Transformation- TransductionEndosymbiosis theoryProteobacteria engulfed by archeobacteria, proteobacteria became mitochondriaMitochondria now present, cyanobacteria engulfed and chloroplast formedMitochondria & Chloroplast- Unique circular DNA- Double membraneEukaryotic cell- REMEMBER THE IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICSEx: nucleus, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, membrane bound organelles, etc. Diversity in Eukaryotes- Membrane dynamics- Compartmentalized metabolism- Genome organization- Genetic diversity by means of sex- Life
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