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KU BIOL 152 - Case 4 and Required Documents
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BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I. Chapter 21-How genotypes and phenotypes change over timeOutline of Current LectureII. Case Study 4. Malaria: Co-evolution of humans and a parasitea. Summary of Case Studyb. Ted Talk Summaryc. Wadman Article SummaryCurrent Lecturea. Summary of Case Study- Plasmodium- single-celled eukaryote that causes malaria- Grows within a mosquito’s gut and is transferred to the human through a bite- The alteration of a single gene can often result in immunity to the parasite- Primarily in tropical regions (standing water=breeding grounds)- Once inside the host the plasmodium parasites invade liver cells and multiply, then begin to infect RBCs- Plasmodium dates back as far as 3500 years ago to Egyptian mummies- Individuals in malaria-stricken regions are more likely to have some sort of genetic evidence of protection from malaria- Originally fought with quinine, a chemical found within the cinchona tree (found in South America)- Chloroquinine has evolved as a more effective drug form of the orginal quinine chemical used- Plasmodium evolves to resist anti-parasitic drugs - In poor areas (where malaria tends to be most prevalent), many people are unable to afford the drugs or can only afford a small amount which can result in the parasite adapting to resist the drug- Many researchers are now looking to end the parasite in its first home: the mosquitob. Ted Talk: 3 Reasons why we still haven’t gotten rid of malariaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1) Scientific:- Complex pathogen- Half of the pathogen’s lifespan occurs within the mosquito and the other half in ahuman- Both environments in which the pathogen lives are extremely hostile, resulting inthe malaria virus to adapt and transform which allows it to thrive within its host- The mosquito- fast breeding and hard to avoid because all it takes is standing water2) Economic:- The poor are more susceptible to obtaining malaria o Ex: poor housing/protectiono Badly drained lands (standing water=breeding grounds for mosquitoes)o Less likely to have door/window screens o Possibly no electricity causing the individual to be outside more often andmore likely to get bitten by a mosquito- MALARIA=POVERTY - Lack of infrastructureo No roads=unable to transport supplies and medicineo Lack of clinics/doctorso Low amounts of sterile areas or refrigeration for vaccines3) Cultural:- Those who tend to have the most malaria seem to care the least- Individuals in malarias lands see the virus as ordinary/everyday- Malaria to malarias lands is cold/flu in America- Extremely difficult to prevent with drugs or nets if people see it as a normal aspect of life- For some, a net can be a serious annoyance whether it be because they have to hang it or because it blocks the breezec. Wadman Article:- Carriers of one mutated copy of the gene responsible for sickle-cell anemia are protected from malaria- In Africa, 40% are carriers of the mutated gene- Experiments using electron microscopy were completed to compare:o Healthy blood cellso “Normal” cells infected with malariao Infected cells from carriers with the S gene (S gene, meaning sickle-cell)- Sickle-cell anemia leads to a single amino acid mutation causing hemoglobin to abnormally collect outside of the cell (forming the S shape sickle-cell anemia is known for)- Within the malaria infected cells, the virus steals the actin using it to form a bridge to transport its proteins to the cello The protein (adhesin), causes the cells to have a sticky-like nature to themresulting in many problems and complications for the cells- In order for the parasite to thrive in the RBC, the actin needs to be remodeled - Those with one mutated copy of the sickle-cell anemia trait benefit because the gene allows for the cell to make more hemoglobin - Being a carrier proves to be a large survival advantage within malaria-stricken


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KU BIOL 152 - Case 4 and Required Documents

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