BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 29Outline of Last Lecture I. MetapopulationsII. Island diversity III. Kelp forestsOutline of Current Lecture I. Nichesa. Fundamental vs. realizedb. Effects of overlapping speciesII. Other species interactionsa. Mutualism vs. antagonismb. Predationc. Trophic levelsIII. Populationsa. Definitionb. Factors affecting population sizec. Population distributionsIV. Ecological succession Current LectureSpecies, interactions, communities and ecosystems Niche- ecological role played by a species in its communityFundamental vs. realized niche (47.2)- Fundamental- all the possibilities of a niche- Realized- smaller subsection: actual niche that is “realized”What happens when niches overlap?COMPETITIONResource competition in ecological communities- Every species has a unique NICHE or set of survival requirements These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Competition occurs if they don’t get this- Overlapping niches interspecific competition - If niche is nearly identical for two species, heavy competition resultsCompetition (47.5) Fundamental niche + competition = realized niche (competitive exclusion) Competing is a lose-lose interaction: ENERGY IS ALWAYS SPENTSpecialization avoids competitionResource partitioning- specialization into two separate nichesOther species interactions (table 47.1)Mutualism- both organisms benefit - Obligate or facultativeo Obligate- necessary in order to survive o Facultative- can survive without the relationship Antagonistic- at least one player loses more than it gainsDifferent pressures can have significant effects on community structure (47.6)Predator-prey relationships (47.9)Predation:- A predator attacks and consumes prey - Predators can regulate prey populations and/ or reduce them to abundanceK= carrying capacitySOME ANIMALS CHEATKeystone species (47.10)Food web (47.14)10% rule in trophic levels (47.15)- Tertiary consumers rare because energy transfer is very small once it reaches this levelEcological succession- communities change over time - Ex. Long term effects of fire on a tall grass prairie community in KansasDisturbance to succession (47.12)Community of organisms and the physical environment it occupies: EcosystemsLatitudinal diversity gradient in mammals Species diversity= primary productivity Common biomes - Tundra - Alpine - Talga - Temperature coniferous forest- Deciduous
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