BIOL 152 1st Edition Lecture 22 Outline of Last Lecture I. Circulatory Systemsa. Open vs. closedII. Animal MetabolismIII. Energy BalanceIV. Essentials for humansV. Digestive SystemsVI. Renal SystemVII. Intro to osmoconformersOutline of Current Lecture I. Osmoregulationa. Osmoconformers vs. OsmoregulatorsII. Nitrogenous Wastea. Varying levels of toxicityIII. Three stages of the excretory systemIV. Nephron function in the mammalian kidneyV. Hormones and kidney functionVI. Reproduction Current LectureOsmoconformers- Match internal osmotic pressure to that of their environment - The external environment has to be relatively consistantClicker: Freshwater fish will gain water and lose electrolytes across their skin and gillsOsmoregulators (41.44)- Actively regulate osmolarity of tissues - More habitats available marine, freshwater, terrestrial- But at a price: REQUIRES ENERGY!These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Salt excretion (41.5)- Salt glandsClicker: Nitrogenous waste is primarily a product of digestion and protein catabolism.Excretion of nitrogenous waste and relative toxicity (41.7)- Ammonia, urea, uric acidThree Stages (41.9)1. Filtration produces a filtrate of the blood2. Reabsorption3. SecretionInvert excretory organs (41.10-41.12)Vertebrate kidney and nephron (41.14)Nephron=active unit of a kidney (41.16)- Glomerulus- Renal cortex- Renal medullaThe human kidney- 1,000-2,000 L of blood filtered per day- Only 1-2 L of urine produced (transported to bladder)- Removes nitrogenous waste (urea)- Adjust amount of water in blood and body tissues- Adjust blood volume, pressure and chemistryBlood pressure drives filtrate out of glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule (41.17)Loop of HenleMammalian Nephron (41.19)Vasa Recta (41.20)Mammalian Kidneys- concentrated urine (43.21)Homeostasis and negative feedback in kidneysDiuretics: increase the volume of urine producedAnti-diuretics: decreases “ “Negative feedbacks in the kidney: dehydration- Set point- normal osmolarity in blood- Effector- hypothalamus, pituitary glando Sensation of thirst drink water to rehydrate body and restore correct blood osmolarityo Hormone (ADH) kidney urineBlood volume and blood pressure (41.23)Reproduction Asexual (42.1)- Binary fission- Budding- Fragmentation- ParthenogenesisSexual (42.2)Mode of reproduction and environmental conditions (42.3)Time and energy costs of sexual reproduction Two fold cost of sexual reproduction
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