PSYCH 2410 1st Edition Lecture 18Outline of Adult AttachmentI. Adult Attachment ClassificationsII. Mechanisms of Intergenerational Transmission of AttachmentIII. Adult Attachment and Responding to Infant Distress and Non-DistressOutline of Gender DevelopmentI. Social Learning TheoriesII. Social Cognitive TheoriesIII. Evolutionary TheoriesGender DevelopmentI. Social Learning Theories- Basic assumption: young children learn how to act like a boy or girl- Observational learning: parents, peers, media; traditional gendered-typed models (division of labor in workforce and home)o More time around same gender to observe gendero More attention to same-gender modelso children raised in less conventional families tend to be less gender-typed- Direct teaching: via systematic differences in how parents treat sons and daughters- Criticisms: differences exists, not all due to socializationo Children are born with gender-consistent preferences Toy preference by 12-18moII. Social Cognitive Theories- Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theoryo Basic claim: children actively acknowledge gender in same way they construct other knowledge about the world1. Gender Identity: 2-3 years, learn you are a member of gender category, don’t know gender is permanent2. Gender Stability: 3-4 years, gender is stable over time; not clear that gender is independent of apperances3. Gender Constancy: 5-7 years, learn that gender is constant across situations Once achieved they can seek out models and learn behavior Imitation of same-gender models is result of cognitive changeo Limitations: gender consistent preferences are there long before kids reach gender constancy- Gender Schema Theoryo Gender self-socialization: motivation towards gender-consistent behavior means more knowledge of own gendero Identify own gender at 3 and begin to learno Gender schemas: memory of all you know of two genders, are dynamico Start simple (in-group, out-group) then build on it Kids remember what they see same-gender doing better, more likely to encode events accurately when it is gender-consistentIII. Evolutionary Theories- Evolutionary view assumes: differences between genders are selected because of adaptive advantage and mate selection--- Females contribute more to reproduction than males so females are pickier and males are more likely to look for multiple
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