PSYCH 2410 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Infant CognitionI. Object PermanenceII. Physical ReasoningIII. NumberOutline of Language Development Part 1I. Theories of Language DevelopmentII. Infant-Directed SpeechIII. Sound CategorizationLanguage Development Part 1I. Theories of Language Development- Behaviorist Perspective (Skinner) all learning o Environmental influences Reinforcement from adults Imitation of adultso Parents corrected errors of fact rather than grammaro Children’s errors do not equal adults’ errors- Nativist Perspective (Chomsky) all innate abilitieso Language acquisition device Innate module for developing language Module contains surface structure of languageo Universal Grammar Rules that apply to all human languageso Together= novel combinations of words into phrases and sentences- Interactionist Perspective learning + innate abilitieso Innate biases Infants born prepared to learn language Brain organized to learn languageo Environmental Influences Social context important in influencing language developmentII. Infant-Directed Speech- Characteristics of ID speech: higher pitch, increase pitch range, smooth and expanded pitch contourso Universal across all cultures, dads and moms raise pitch equally- Do infants prefer motherese?o Determined using a head turn preference paradigmo Conclusion: infants listen longer to infant-directed speech than adult-directed speech (from strangers)- How does motherese help with acquisition?o ID speech is easier to hear when higher pitchedo ID speech is smooth and connected and easier for infants to keep track of speecho Exaggerated contours express emotion- What matters more: tune or words?o Results: approval tune infant smiled and played with toy; prohibition tune frowned an didn’t play Regardless of content of wordso 5 months go with tuneo 13 months confused by tone and wordsoo 18 months go with wordsIII. Sound Characterization- Acoustic signals use to express meaning- 200 sounds used for languages of the worldo 45 sounds in English- Speech sounds are arranged in categorieso Adults are good at telling apart sounds from different categories, bad at discriminating sounds within the same categories- Adult sound categories cannot be built in because they’re not the same across all languageso 6-8 months infants discriminate non-native sounds that adults cannot pick up ono 10-12 months infants no longer discriminate non-native sounds respond like
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