PSYCH 2410 1st Edition Lecture 17Outline of Emotion RegulationI. Individual Differences in Emotional Reactivity and RegulationII. TemperamentIII. Stability of TemperamentOutline of Infant AttachmentI. TheoristsII. Attachment DevelopmentIII. Infant Attachment ClassificationsInfant AttachmentI. Theorists- During the first year of life, infants develop attachment to primary caregivers (physical and emotional)- Sigmund Freud: mother-child relationship is important for developmento “Drive-Reduction Theory”: mother satisfies infant’s primary needs (ex: food) and as a result infant develops affection for the mother- John Bowlby: disagrees with Freudo Found that when children were separated they fell into despair, depressiono Determined attachment cannot be explained by drive-reduction theory- Renee Spitz: studied deprivation in motheringo Studied orphans of felon mothers Found that more died when not in mother’s care and had a lower IQ despite adequate nutrition- Harry Harlow: sought to examine the drive-reduction theory with monkey experimento Method: separated monkey from mother can gave them one wire mother with food and one mother with cloth and no food. o Results: monkeys spent more time with cloth motherII. Attachment Development- Attachment relationship: enduring emotional time between child and primary caregivero Secure base from which to explore environmento Safe haven to retreat to during uncertainty- Infants evolved to develop attachments because it promotes survival- Four Phases of Attachment Development:1) Pre-attachment: (birth-6 weeks), innate signals bring Mom2) Attachment-in-the-making: (6 weeks-6/8 months), attend to more familiar people3) Clear-cut attachment: (6/8 months-1.5/2 years), actively seek comfort from caregivers, mom is secure base, distress at separation4) Reciprocal Relationships: (1.5/2 years+), increasing abilities to organize efforts to be near efforts, communicate loveIII. Infant Attachment Classifications- Strange Situation Procedure: standardized procedure for assessing differences in infant attachmento Method: series of stressful separations from caregiver then reunions. Measure infant behavior on reunion - Secure: uses parent as base of exploration, uses parent as safe haven, acknowledges caregiver on return, reciprocal relationship with parent-- Insecure-Avoidant: do not use parent as base/haven, avoid parent upon return- Insecure-Resistant: do not use parent as base/haven, no exploration before separation, unable to be settled by parent upon return- Disorganized: confused/contradictory behavior, may exhibit fear of
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