PSYCH 2410 1st Edition Lecture 19Outline of Gender DevelopmentI. Social Learning TheoriesII. Social Cognitive TheoriesIII. Evolutionary TheoriesOutline of The FamilyI. Functions of the FamilyII. ParentingIII. The Changing FamilyThe FamilyI. Functions of the Family- Reasons for families: survival of offspring, economic training, cultural training- Parental Socialization: process by which children acquire values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors appropriate to their future role in their cultureo Examples: direct instructors, indirect socializers, social managersII. Parenting - Behavioral Genetics: twin studies show that genes are important but they don’t account for all of the variance- What parenting practices matter?o Warmth: support, encouragement, acceptanceo Structure: conveys standards of behavior, limits exposure to risky situations, generates parental knowledge, requires self-controlo Intrusiveness: undermines sense of autonomy, interferes with self worth, conveys rejection- Baumrind’s research on 3 and 4 year olds was based on interviews with parents and home/lab observations of parent-child interactions- Parenting Styleso Authoritative: high warmth, high structure, low intrusivenesso Authoritarian: low warmth, high structure, high intrusivenesso Permissive: high warmth, low structure, low intrusivenesso Rejecting/neglecting: low warmth, low structure, low/high intrusiveness- Psychological Intrusiveness has universal negative effectsIII. The Changing Family- Traditional Family structure is changingo Older parents: more economically stable, planned pregnancies, knowledge aboutparenting- Divorce: 1 million children experience divorce a year, half acquire stepparent in 4 yearso Potential effects Greater risk for problems, greater risk for divorce themselves, slightly greater risk for emotional disorderso What influences impact of divorce? Parental conflict, stress, age of child (older act out more, younger more afraid of abandonment), contact with noncustodial father, o Not all instances have negative outcomes for children: girls become more self-reliant, it is sometimes better for child’s stress to be out of a high conflict environmento Maternal employment has little effect on
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