PSYCH 2410 1st Edition Lecture 4 Outline of Chapter TwoI. Germinal StageII. Embryonic StageIII. Fetal StageIV. Fetal LearningV. Influencing FactorsOutline of Chapter ThreeI. Neonate AppearanceII. Premature/Low Birth WeightIII. InterventionsIV. ReflexesV. Newborn States of ArousalVI. Newborn Sensory SystemsCurrent Lecture- Neonate: birth to one monthI. Neonate Appearance - Not too painful for the baby to be born.o Oxytocin (love hormone) is released in baby and mom to help form a relationship- Lanugo: tiny hairs on the baby’s skin; falls off after one month- Vernix: wax-like substance on the baby’s skin to help protect it in the womb- Newborn Acne: influenced by the mom’s hormones- Cone-shaped head helps the baby fit through the birth canal; malleable skullII. Premature/Low Birth Weight- Premature Births: >3 weeks early (before 35 weeks)o Only depends on the date- Low Birth Weight: 5.5lbs or lesso Avg=7-7.5lbs- Small for gestational age: either pre or full term but weight is less than expectedThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Teratogens: Environmental agents (alcohol, cigarettes, drugs, etc.)o Or mother’s malnutrition Poverty is linked to LBW because of malnutrition- Consequences for Caregiving- more difficult to parent because babies are sensitive and irritable - Consequences for children-physical (breathing), cognitive (reading, language), social problems (peer interactions)- High cost the health care systemIII. Interventions - The Infant Health and Development Projecto At-risk, preterm babies Test group: medical follow-ups and parent training sessions Control Group: medical follow ups only Experimental study-variable manipulation- Higher weight does bettero Results? Test groups 4x more likely to be in normal range  But… gains not sustained without continued intervention - Less beneficial for multirisk families - Baby massage studieso Massaged improved babies faster than non-massagedo Auditory simulation weight gain care for psychological needs IV. Reflexes- Reflexes: unlearned, involuntary responses to stimulus that is common to all members of the species o Significance: failure to demonstrate reflexes, or failure to lose reflexes at the normal time is a sign of neurological impairmentREFLEX RESPONSE FUNCTIONSucking Sucks finger Adaptive-feedingRooting Turns head to simulation Adaptive-feedingGrasping Spontaneous grasp offingerVoluntary graspMoro Fling out and embracingmotionAdaptive-feedingBabinski Toes fan out and curl UnkownV. Newborn States of Arousal- Non-REM: quiet, deep sleep; no motor, no eye movement, slow brain waves, breathing, heart rate; regular sleep, no rest- REM: active sleep state, dreaming, eye movement; irregular sleep - Why so much REM sleep?o Autostimulation theory: REM makes up for absence of visual input during sleep Important for neurological developmento Tested by Boismeyer’s Checkerboard Study Varying amounts of visual stimulation while awake Results: more visual stimulation when awake= less REM sleep- How should parents respond to crying? Respond, but with a short delay- Colic: excessive crying for no apparent reason.o 25% of infants crying more than 3 hours a dayVI. Newborn Sensory Systems- Well-developed systems: touch, taste, smell, hearingo Vision is poor at birth, but improves- Taste: preference for sweet tastes before birth- Smell: newborns prefer the smell of their own amniotic fluid memory and preference for ito MacFarlane Study: head-turning toward breast pad Babies prefer mother’s pad vs. other mother’s pad- Hearing: newborns orient to sounds if they are held properly, sound is not too loud, sound isnot too