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Mizzou PSYCH 2410 - Exam 1 Study Guide
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PSYCH 2410 1st Edition Exam 1 Study Guide Lectures 1 6 Lecture 1 Class Introduction and Historical Overview I Historical Foundations Plato innate knowledge discipline for children is one size fits all Atistole development depended on experience different techniques for individual John Locke Tabula Rosa blank slate emphasis on nurture importance on strict parenting at first then progressively more lenient Jean Jacques Rousseau born innately good emphasis on nature no instruction needed learn through own motivation age 12 is the age of reason and when formal education should begin Research on children started child labor laws and social reform o Charles Darwin s theory of evolution o Sigmund Freud development from unconscious biological drives Emphasis on sexuality Psycholanalytic theory sexual desires influence all o Jean Piaget behaviorist Rewards and punishments become associated learning Nurture over nature o John Watson behaviorist Behaviorist theory environment determines development Rewards and punishments that follow behaviors Lecture 2 Development Themes and Research Methods I Seven Themes in Development 1 Nature and Nurture Nature biological endowment genes we receive from our parents Nurture physical and social environments that influence our development o CURRENT VIEW they interact o Example Watson s Little Albert Study believed in behaviorism Proved that fears were learned o Example Ohman and Mineka some fears stem from innate fear we are just programmed to develop it with experience 2 The Active Child the roles individuals play in their own development Preference to lean towards different things motivated to learn o Dropping babbling pretend play kids seek out their own environments 3 Continuity and Discontinuity Continuous development changes with age occur gradually Discontinuous development changes with age include occasional large shifts Stage Theory approaches that propose that development involves a series of discontinuous age related phases Cognitive development development of thinking and reasoning Depends on how you look at development how often you look What you look at o Example writing continuous motor discontinuous 4 Mechanisms of Change how and why does change occur Perceptual auditory visual brain development frontal lobes strategy use problemsolving Neurotransmitters chemicals involved in communications among brain cells 5 Sociocultural context Sociocultural context the physical social cultural economic and historical circumstances that make up a child s environment 6 Individual Differences Sources of variation genetic parent treatment child s environmental choice perception of environment 7 Children s welfare and social policy Child welfare early detection earlier intervention treatment Policy educational practices legal practices cultural traditions II Research Methods Importance of research opinions determining which is correct Scientific expectations data driven rational testable general tentative evaluative Scientific Method theory method data conclusions test retest Theory organized beliefs testable falsifiable Contexts for gathering data structured interview naturalistic don t intervene observation structured observation Structured interview research procedure where all participants are asked the same questions Clinical Interview research procedure where questions are adjusted in accord with answers the interviewee provides Naturalistic Observation examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not controlled by behavior Structured Observation presenting an identical situation to each child and recording child s behavior III Measurements Correlational Designs studies intended to indicate how variables are related to each other Cross sectional design children of different ages are compared on given behavior or characteristic over a short period of time Longitudinal design the same children are studied twice or more over a substantial period of time Microgenetic designs the same children are studied repeatedly over a short period of time Reliability degree to which independent variable measurements of a given behavior are consistent o Interrater reliability the amount of agreement in raters o Test retest reliability the degree of similarity of performance on two or more occasions Validity degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure o Internal validity degree to which effects observed within experiments can be attributed to the variables the researcher intentionally manipulated o External validity the degree to which results can be generalized beyond the research Lecture 3 Prenatal Development Germinal Stage zygote embryonic stage embryo fetal stage fetus I Germinal Stage Conception implantation in uterine wall 0 2 weeks o Ovum unfertilized egg sperm determines the sex of the baby o X swims slower live longer Y swims faster lives shorter o Zygote 1st 3rd week male zygote is more likely for miscarriage o Four major developmental processes 1 cell division 12 hours after fertilization 2 cell migration 3 cell differentiation 4 cell death apoptosis II Embryonic Stage Embryo 3rd 8th week Implantation into uterine wall formation of bone cells Major achievements growth all organs in place Cell migration cells move from origin to where they are meant to be Cell differentiation cells begin to specialize Neural tube groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that becomes brain and spinal cord Amniotic sac fluid filled membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus Placenta support organ for fetus circulatory systems are separated semi permeable membrane allows for exchange of material Gastrulation becomes a U Shape 3 layers fold on themselves to form a neural tube that forms the CNS spine brain 26 days Chorion develops into placenta yolk sac helps before this is formed Cephalocaudal development the pattern of growth in which areas near the head develop earlier than areas farther from the head Proximodismal development develop inside out Cell death selective death of cells webbing between phalanges III Fetal Stage Fetus 9th week to birth Formation of bones birth 9 38 weeks o 3in 20in finishing stage movement felt sex determined 7 months fetus could survive outside of the womb with modern medicine o viable digestive and respiration work but need help o growth slows at 16in and 3lbs Senses begin to develop turn upside down for birth o Week 17 thumb suck vulnerable skin o Vernix layer of fat that protects the skin


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