PSYCH 2320 1st Edition Lecture 2 Outline of Historical OverviewI. Historical FoundationOutline of Chapter OneI. Seven Themes in DevelopmentII. Research MethodsIII. MeasurementsCurrent LectureI. Seven Themes in Development1) Nature and Nurture- Nature: biological endowment; nurture: environment- Current viewpoint: they interact- Example: Watson’s Little Albert Study (believed in behaviorism)o Proved that fears were learned support for nurture- Example: Ohman and Mineka: some fears stem from fearo We are programmed to develop fear of them- Determined that we are programmed with a fear but we need an experience 2) The Active Child: the roles individuals play in their own development- Preference to lean towards different things, motivated to learno Dropping, babbling, pretend-play kids seek out their own environments3) Continuity and Discontinuity- Depends on: how you look at development, how often you look, what aspect you look at(write=continuous; motor=discontinuous)4) Mechanisms of Change: how and why does change occur?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Perceptual (auditory, visual) brain development (frontal lobes), strategy use (problem-solving)5) Sociocultural Context- Interactions with mom and dad, mom and work, child and classroom, MULTIPLE CONTEXTS6) Individual Differences - Sources of variation: genetic, parent treatment, child’s environmental choice, perceptionof environment7) Children’s welfare and social policy- Child welfare: early detection earlier intervention/treatment- Policy: educational practices, legal practices, cultural traditions II. Research Methods- Importance of research: opinions, determining which is correct- Scientific expectations: data-driven, rational, testable, general, tentative, evaluative- Scientific Method: theory method dataconclusionstest/retest- Theory: organized beliefs, testable, falsifiable - Contexts for gathering data: structured interview, naturalistic (don’t intervene) observation, structured observationIII. Measurements- Reliability: independent raters independently agreeo Interrater, test-retest- Validity: test measures what it is supposed to o Internal, external- Correlational designs: relationship between 2 variables- Experimental designs: two conditions1) groups must be comparable at the beginning2) each group must get the exact same treatment except variable - random assignment to the
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