History 127CGetty2012 FallWeek 9Lecture 15November 27Announcements- Required Reading: History of the Soviet Union (Kenez, Ch. 9) - Required Reading: Lewin (all) Outline of Last Lecture I. Legacy of the WarOutline of Today’s Lecture I. Legacy of the WarII. Politburo, 1948III. Leningrad Affair, 1948-49IV. Mingrelian AffairV. 19th Party Congress, 1952VI. Doctors’ PlotVII. Stalin’s Plan 1953???VIII. Stalin is DeadIX. Politburo, 1952X. Politburo, March 1953XI. By April 3, 1953XII. Politburo, May 1953XIII. Politburo, July 1953XIV. Politburo, September 1953XV. The Rise of KhrushchevLegacy of the War - Wartime liberalismA. Regional openness, contact with foreignersB. Religion now toleratedC. Stalin was fighting a patriotic war; he wanted to mobilize religious sentiment behind that patriotismD. WWII was known as the patriotic warE. The Orthodox church took donations for the warF. Great hopes for liberalism continuationG. But Stalin tightened downi. More arrested in the late 1940s than late 1930s- Psychological legacyA. Intense patriotism: Germanophobia for two generations; a hatred of Germans and all things GermanThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.B. Belief in Stalin’s leadership; he put himself forward as the strategic genius that beat the GermansC. Formative experience of a generationi. Prestige of wartime serviceii. Patriotic conservatism later - Proved that the Soviet system, not the capitalism system, worked as it won the war; the Stalin system; validated Soviet policies (industrialization, collectivization, etc); look what it did; it catapulted us, Soviet citizens, into one of the two world powersA. Territorial expansionB. Continues into generations and into the Gorbachev period, end of Soviet UnionPolitburo, 1948- Stalin, head of the politburo - Zhdanov (ideology) Stalin’s lieutenant- Malenkov (party cadres) Stalin’s lieutenant- Molotov (foreign affairs)- Khrushchev (agri/Ukraine)A. Youngest member of the politburo - Kaganovich (general) trouble shooterA. Fixed the economyB. Kaganovich is to Stalin as Stalin was to Lenin- Beria (police) – in charge of the secret police – took over Ezhov’s job after his arrestA. NVD (ministry of internal affairs) – nonpolice part (fire stations, transportation, civilian policeB. NGB (political police) - Mikoian (light industry) A. Survivor because he was a friend of Stalin, Lenin, Trotsky, BukharinB. Always survives despites twists and turns- Members of the politburo, including Stalin, were aging- Stalin’s suspicions and anger grew with ageLeningrad Affair, 1948-49- First campaign - Zhdanov-Malenkov rivalry from 1939A. Two of Stalin’s lieutenants - Zhdanov dies Aug. 1948 purge of Zhdanov’s “clients”- A purge of almost every official in Leningrad + high officials in Moscow, who were also part of the Leningrad network- Leningrad party apparatus- Head of Gosplan shot- Deputy Prime Minister shot- Several other high officials were shot- Zhdanov’s old machines were decimated- …left Malenkov and Beria at the top, particularly MalenkovMingrelian Affair- 2nd campaign or movement- Nov. 1951: purge of Mingrelians from Georgia Party apparatus- In the Republic of Georgia (Soviet Georgia), there were several large clans; i.e. Mingrelians (a dialect, a subdivision of Georgia)- Mingrelians accused of corruption, possibly treasonous - Arrested, thrown into prison, forced confessions- Beria was a Mingrelian- Beria’s name wasn’t mentioned but it didn’t have to be- His “clients” purged- …Beria’s power base weakened19th Party Congress, 1952- Malenkov gave main report, not Stalin- New guys  power of the old guard was diluted- On last day, Stalin proposed increasing Politburo from 14-36A. No reason for this was given- “New men”, “Fresh talent”, “Promotions”- Diluted old Politburo guard- Khrushchev announced: “Stalin was trying to remove the old Politburo members”Doctors’ Plot- 4th strange event- Jan. 1953: Pravda announces arrest of 9 Kremlin doctorsA. Responsible for the health of the politburo members- Accused of murdering Zhdanov; poisoning Zhdanov; medical murder- Accused of plotting assassinations- 6/9 Jewish: “Zionist PlotA. Word of mouth that maybe this is a Zionist, Jewish plot; newspapersB. Anti-Semitism C. If you were a Jew you lost your position, never got promoted, never went to collegeD. Official anti-Semitism, before it was just culturally anti-Semitic - All confessed- Reason for this was never clear. Possibly b/c:A. Stalin’s old ageB. Growth and establishment of the state of Israel ’48-’53. Israel and the US were closely associated. Were the Jews loyal to Russia or US? - …Implications? BeriaA. Where was Beria? How did he not uncover this conspiracy?Stalin’s Plan 1953???- Stalin’s last initiatives- Packing the Politburo- Mingrelian Affair- Doctors’ Plot- Stalin’s plans are not clear. Is he planning a purge? Stalin is Dead- March 5, 1953, series of strokes- After Stalin’s death, Beria told Khrushchev he (Stalin) was going to kill us all- Politburo members, esp. Beria, are at a razor edge- His cult of personality – people were born and grew up believing that Stalin provided for everyone and was to credit for everythingPolitburo, 1952- Ignatev MGB- Stalin- Molotov- Beria- Malenkov- Khrushchev- Mikoian- KaganovichPolitburo, March 1953- Less than 10 days later, the old guys kicked out the new guys that Stalin introduced to the politburo- Back to the old insider team- Series of announcements- Politburo reduced to its form- Malenkov will combine the leadership of party and stateA. Malenkov was stupid, immediately demonstrated in faking a picture, immortalized himself as one of the leaders of the world communist movement, on par with Stalin, Mao Zedong B. The day after the photo incident, Malenkov C. Good at following orders, not good at thinking of anything originalBy April 3, 1953- Announced that the Mingrelian Affair was a mistake- Beria also announces the doctors in the Doctors’ Plot were innocent- Beria was campaigning for himself with these announcements and suggestions (dramaticreforms)- Beria suggests letting go of E. Europe, lets let those countries do what they want- Beria also suggests that we give the nationalities in USSR more of a role to play (Uzbeks, etc) - Most dramatic  Proposes letting gulag camps go with the general amnesty- The