History 127CGetty2012 FallWeek 6Lecture 11November 8Announcements- Class cancelled 11-6-12- Midterms graded; pick up at the end of class- Special office hours next Tuesday 1-3pm; 5-6pm; Bunche 5349; TA-Kelly - Required reading: Kenez’s History of the Soviet Union Chapter 5Outline of Last Lecture I. Political Grumbling – 1930-34II. Policy ConflictsIII. When Things Go Wrong… / Fear and ScapegoatingIV. Rise of the Hard line, 1936-37 / Who is Suspicious?V. Stalin sides with hard lineVI. Policy Changes, 1936VII. EzhovshcinaVIII. Purges of the militaryIX. 1937: Stalin unleashes reds and hard-linersX. A War Of All Against AllXI. Number of Victims 1937-38XII. Stopping the TerrorXIII. Why?Outline of Today’s Lecture I. Images of the Stalin RevolutionII. Stalin’s propaganda artIII. WorkersIV. AirplaneV. WomenVI. KulaksVII. Anti-SemitismVIII. Great PurgesIX. Appeasement: 1935X. Appeasement: 1936XI. “Collective Security”XII. Signals: 1937XIII. 1938XIV.March 1939XV. June-Aug. 1939XVI. August 1939: Stalin’s dilemmaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.XVII. War BeginsImages of the Stalin Revolution- Nicholas Bukharin – defender of the new economic policy in the ‘20sA. Leader of the right opposition B. Associated himself with Stalin the 1920sC. Defeated in 1929 and 1930, loses office D. 1937 – arrestedE. 1938 – convicted and shot- Mikhail GorbachevA. Head of the trade unionsB. Known as a drunkC. Arrested and shot in 1938- Vyacheslav Milkahilovich MolotovA. Stalin’s right-hand manB. His wife was a key party leaderC. Lived until the 1980sD. Stalin’s protégé - Tomsky- KirovA. Soviet hero- Nikolai YezhovA. Head of the secret policeStalin’s Propaganda Art- Collectivization and industrialization were accompanied by a propaganda campaign- Graphics, posters, etc were designed to convey the new policy and convey how you felt about the policies through particular types of images - The correct organization of labor will increase the harvest- Pictures were designed to tell us a story for the illiterate- Pictures for a political message- Machinery in pictures  less work, easier labor, modernization will help you outA. The science of agriculture- Aimed at the lowest common denominator of society- The semi-literate peasant- Ex: Collectivization will help you; it will make your labor less; it will make your life easy- The tractor will end food shortages, will make life easierA. Practically worshipped in pictures B. Symbol of the modernityC. Promises were unfulfilled (not enough tractors made and used) but still an integral part of Stalin propaganda- Young people went to the countryside and were taught about factories, collectivization, etc- Part of the promise of the Stalin revolution was supposed to make men and women in an equal standingWorkers- Heroic and presented heroically- They were the future- There was not a lot of labor saving machineryA. No bulldozers, etcB. Occupational safety was non-existent; lots of accidents- Need to be respectable and have respectable habits; ex: grooming/bathingA. In peasant societies, no one pays attention to body odor, but they do in modern societies Airplane- Represents modernity for everyone- Aviators were heroic - Soviet aviators were setting world records the same time as the Stalin terror and purges - Hero of the futureWomen- Construction sites- Were paid to go to school- Bus drivers- Fill out a lot of slots in the new economy- Children were left with collective wet nursesA. Everything was collectivized - Entering industry for the first time- Able to earn a wage equal to that of a man- Women should get an education, counter to peasant conservatism and counter to what the church taught (women should stay at home)Kulaks- Wealthy peasant- Overweight- Capitalistic- Tricks peasants to drive them to the past- Uses religion to fool youA. Religion is the drug of the peopleGreat Purges- Series of campaigns of political repression and murders under Stalin- Growth of Fascism – Stalin knew that in 1yr or 10yrs there would be a great war- Stalin killing off all alternative leaders that might split in time of war; leaders that might organize a coup against him- Ex: Bolsheviks came to power because of a war and the previous regime’s internal destructionAppeasement: 1935- WWII - Most significant Soviet event of the century- 1935-1939 period is known as appeasement- Hitler is rearming German; not supposed to rearm after WWI Peace treatyA. How do the allies respond to that? : Appeasement B. Why appeasement? - Hitler is growing stronger and stronger and making more territorial demands- The British and the French, victors of WWI, didn’t stop Hitler and appeased him- March 1935: Hitler moves to the Saar – changes land arrangementA. Renounces Versailles Treaty; German will no longer be bound by the treatyB. Administered by the French after WWI- April: Hitler announces creation of a German Air Force buildupA. Against the Versailles TreatyB. General rearmament plan - July: British/German Naval TreatyA. The British cater to Hitler B. The British allow him but try to put limits - October: Italy invades EthiopiaA. League of Nations sanctions, but failedB. Economic sanctions on Italy, but instead the British and the French secretly create a treaty among themselvesC. (Dec.) Hoare-Laval Pact allowing Italy to have Ethiopia, never signedi. Would have appeased Italy’s conquest of ItalyAppeasement: 1936- March: Hitler moves into RhinelandA. French, British inactivityB. Nothing is done diplomatically- July: Spanish Civil WarA. General Franco, fascists + Hitler v. Spanish Republic + USSRB. Britain, France: “non-intervention”i. Huge gift to FrancoC. British and French should have had the most to lose by a fascist victory in Spain - November: Triparithe (Anti-Comintern Pact)A. Italy, German, JapanB. Explicitly aimed against the USSRC. Military alliance that violates the Versailles Treaty “Collective Security”- Soviet foreign policy - USSR policy, 1934-1939- Idea was to get France, Britain and Soviet Russia to form an alliance- Attempt to restrain Hitler and to form an anti-Hitler alliance-  Military defense pacts so it’s too costly for Hitler to attack anyoneA. The British and the French said no B. The British and French refused to enter agreements with Stalin - Led by Maksim Litvinov = Foreign MinisterA. Anti-HitlerB. Protest