History 127CGetty2012 FallWeek 2Lecture 4October 9Announcements- Midterm Exam – October 25th - Read Chapter 2 of Kenez’s History of the Soviet Union Outline of Last Lecture I. The IntelligentsiaII. The Workers 1910-14III. Karl MarxIV. Marx’s Stages of History V. Lenin and Trotsky “permanent revolution”Outline of Today’s Lecture I. The Russian RevolutionII. The Schlieffen plan: Germany’s plan for a quick warIII. Early Russian DefeatsIV. Labor and the WarV. Rising Anger VI. February 1917VII. February in PetrogradVIII. February 27: Dual PowerIX. End of a DynastyX. Lenin Returns XI. Social DemandsToday’s LectureThe Russian Revolution- Tied closely to WWI- The Russian Revolution arguably wouldn’t have occurred if it wasn’t for WWIThe Schlieffen plan: Germanys plan for a quick war- Russia enters WWI allied with France against GermanyA. Germany developed the Schlieffen plan because Germany knew they were fighting a two-front war- To Overrun Belgium - Fall on France A. Before Britain can help B. Encircle Paris These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Early Russian Defeats- Russians managed to defeat themselves in the EastLabor and the War- 4million drafted from townsA. 27-45% of labor forceB. Had to undraft them and send them back to the factories- Martial Law from July 1914A. The military was in control of the judiciaryB. Why? Because the tsar was worried about discontent and strikes- Fixed Wages, no strikesA. Real wages down 15-45% due to inflationB. Strikes were outlawed- Bolsheviks outlawed because Lenin’s Bolsheviks took an anti-war stance while - Lenin said this was an imperialist war, it was a wrong war- Lenin proposed to workers: don’t go to the army, but if you have to shoot your own officers, not your enemiesA. Russian workers have more in common with the enemy (German workers aka proletariats) than Russian officersRising Anger- Social truce wears thin partly because of economic problems- Bolshevik agitation - More people listened to the Bolsheviks as things worsened - Food shortages, rationing- Defeats on the battlefield- The government was unable to manage the economy and the battlefield- People will usually sacrifice and troops will continue to fight during wartime if a government can show some reasonable success on the battlefield A. But when the home-front is decompsoign and when the government can no longer offer the possibility that the war can be won, people are no longer to sacrifice and unconditionally support the war- Labor days lost to strikesA. 1914 – beginning of war – almost no strikes in RussiaB. 1915 - after the first year of the wear – strikes break out everywhere (100+strikes)C. 1916 – 4749 strikesD. Nicholas II, the tsar, saw this pattern but didn’t understand itE. 1915 and 1916 - Nicholas II the tsar takes personal command of the army because he thinks that this will rally everybodyFebruary 1917- Coldest winter in decades- Food and fuel desperately short because the government couldn't manage the economy and feed the army and homefront at the same time- 670,000 strikers across Russia- Tsar at the frontA. More defeatsB. Economic incompetenceFebruary in Petrograd- In WWI, Petroberg was renamed Petrograd to sound less German- Putilov was a large factory of 40,000 workers- February 18: Putilov wildcat strikeA. A spontaneous, disorganized strikeB. Not planned or organized by labor unionsC. No one knows how it was startedD. Workers were cold, discontent, tensions were high  worker punched an officer  Workers announced they wouldn’t work anymore- February 22: lockout- February 23: International Women’s DayA. Historically, women dressed nicely and paraded down the streets seeking recognitionB. Symbolic, festive affairC. Women were not just seeking recognition, they were politicizedD. Combustible atmosphereE. Angry workers + marching, angry women- February 25A. The tsar figured out something was wrong B. Tsar order restoration of orderC. Police fire on the crowdsi. Crowds fired back D. The Petrograd garrison (soldiers stationed in the capital) was ordered out now that the police were running away. The tsar ordered the soldiers to break up the crowds but they refused to obey the tsar’s ordersi. Semi-revolution in the capitalii. Broke into the prisons and freed everyone- February 26-27: General Strike in CityA. Putilov Strike spread throughout town and the entire capital walked out in a general strike against the war, the economy and the governmentB. Barricades, demonstrations: “Bread, Peace, Land”i. Bread for workersii. Peace for the soldiersiii. Land for peasantsC. Radical organizersD. Petrograd garrison mutinies, distributes armsi. Joined the strikersii. If the tsar couldn’t rely on his police and army he effectively lost controlE. Political prisoners were freedFebruary 27: Dual Power- The police ran away- The soldiers had joined the crowds- Government officials hid and fled the cities- No city government anymore- Temporary government / Provisional Gov’tA. Duma membersB. Middle classC. Mostly Kadets (Constitutional liberals) Pro-BritishD. Respectable, educated classes E. Announced that they would coordinate and look after things until a constitutional convention could be summonedF. Await Constituent Assembly- Some socialists regard governments as figments of our imaginationA. A government is not a physical, tangible thingB. Government only exists only if we say they exist, or if we think they existC. People eventually stopped thinking that there was a government in Russia- Petrograd SovietA. SRs and MensheviksB. “Order No. 1”C. “The Democracy”D. Led by socialists, primarily the agrarian socialistsE. Left wing version of the Provisional GovernmentF. Await Constituent Assembly - In Russia, the lines between the haves and have-nots were clear- Mass democracyA. Order #1 of the Petrograd Soviet: No order or law of the provisional government is valid unless if we approve itB. Order No. 1 also said: No soldiers have to obey the orders of their officers; soldiers could expel their officers and elect new onesEnd of a Dynasty- March 1: Duma members visit Nicholas at the front, who was still under the mistaken impression that he was the tsarA. The Duma tells Nicholas II that he must abdicate the throne- March 2: Nicholas II abdicates the throne- Nicholas II tries to pass the throne to one of his