History 127CGetty2012 FallWeek 1Lecture 2October 2Announcements- Required reading: History of the Soviet Union (Kenez, Introduction) - Best way to communicate with professor is via email ([email protected]) - Office Hours – by appointment onlyA. Email professor to confirm office hours attendanceOutline of Last Lecture I. Class OverviewII. Nicholas IIIII. LeninIV. StalinV. WWIIVI. KhrushchevVII. BrezhnevVIII. GorbachevIX. End of the USSRX. YeltsinXI. PutinXII. The Soviet ModelOutline of Today’s Lecture I. Important Terms/Russian BackgroundII. How do you Industrialize LateIII. Russian SocietyIV. The Double CrisisV. The Crisis of 1905VI. The Parties VII. Peasants and the LandVIII. The Workers 1910-14IX. Summer of 1914Important Terms- Tsar – Russia was ruled by a tsarA. Tsar translates as an emperorB. Absolute monarch C. The only group of people that supported the tsar was the nobility D. Russian monarch was more absolute than any other reigning monarch left on thethroneThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.E. Except for Russia all the other European countries had some kind of political modernizationi. One extreme – Queen of England / King of England – figureheadii. Other extreme – Kaiser or Emperor of Germany – still had a lot of power but not total power- Nicholas IIA. The last at the end of the 20th centuryB. He didn’t understand modern times; he didn’t understand the implications of industrializationC. He didn’t like any extent of reformD. He insisted on keeping all the power in his handsE. He grew up believing that his supreme duty to his ancestors, to God, to Russia, was to pass down to his son the same kind of absolute monarchy he was given- RomanovA. Nicholas II’s dynasty name was Romanov- Autocracy A. Nicholas II was an autocratB. Autocracy means rule by one manC. All power concentrated in one personD. Despite this, Nicholas II had a few ministries and nobles to assist him and help him ruleE. No legislature to contend with until 1905F. No other branches of government to contend with- Duma A. Nicholas II allowed for the creation of the legislature (the duma) in 1905B. It derived from the Russian word ‘to think’C. A body that would advise Nicholas II; did not pass laws, only advised- St. Petersburg A. Capital of RussiaB. Aka Petrograd, aka LeningradC. Founded by Peter the Great D. Home of the tsar, ministries, nobles- IntelligentsiaA. One of three Russian estates / classesB. The intellectual, the educated classC. Small, but vocal groupD. Politically conscious groupE. Russian intelligentsia formed in the end 1700s (later than in other places) when education begins to spread to the upper classesF. Had seen reform and progress in Europe and wanted to apply that to RussiaG. Radical and critical of the government from the beginningH. Parts of the group were supportive of the government in earlier daysI. Another reason for their discontent and radicalization was because political participation was limited to the nobilityi. There weren’t many opportunities for the intelligentsia to participate in governments and politics- ProletariatA. A Marxist termB. One of the three Russian estates / classesC. Discontent with the government from the beginningD. The industrial working classE. Russia had industrialized relatively latei. England had its industrialization revolution starting in the 1780sii. The government did not take a role in the industrialization like in most places iii. Russia doesn’t even start industrializing until the 1890s – a conscience policy of the government from the top downa. In England and in most places, the government does not take a role in the industrial revolutioniv. In 1890, the tsar declared that industrialization would be good for national defense since other countries were industrializing/industrialized and had canons, machine guns, etc- Russian labor forceA. Discontent with the government from the beginningB. Grew astronomically starting in the 1890s because peasants from the countryside couldn’t make a living and they flocked to the cities to work in the new factoriesC. Not a significant portion of the population even by 1914D. The Russian workers had the longest hours and lowest wages in all of Europe enforced by their governmentE. The Russian government had enforced polices that made and kept their citizens miserable even though they were supposed to protect them against the foreigners F. Until 1905, labor unions were illegalG. The Russian labor movement from the very inception was radical, which made it different from other labor movements elsewhere in Europe and in the USH. Unions in the West wanted reform (better wages, benefits, shorter hours, etc)I. The Russian labor unions skipped the reform phase and became radical; from thebeginning they believed in overthrowing the government to improve the life of the workers; they regarded the government as the enemy; aimed for dramatic, radical change- Peasants A. One of the three Russian estates / classesB. 80-85% of the population in the 20th centuryC. Vast majority was illiterate, poor and did not surpass the age of 45D. Modernization, education, and/or new agricultural methods did not penetrate the Russian countrysideE. Discontent with the government for thousands of yearsF. Risk averse – peasants don’t want to take any risks because they are always on the razor edge of famine, hunger etc  Russian agricultural technique remains backward, technology does not get introducedG. Centuries prior to Marx and socialism – no private property, enforced equality, constant redistribution of resources- Mir A. Russian word that can translate to: the universe, peace, or most colloquially ‘the village commune’ where most villagers livedB. Communal collective living i. For many centuries, a peasant village was organized as a commune (a set of families who all lived in the same village)ii. Agricultural collaboration (planting, harvest, etc)iii. Regulated social life in the villageiv. High risk environment - Not a hospitable place to live; unpredictable weather; the soil was not idealv. Peasants cooperated to deal with the environmental disadvantagesvi. Every winter available farmland was redistributed in the communal villageby a councilvii. For example: The heads of the family receives a complicated allotment of different kinds of land (a certain amount of really