History 127CGetty2012 FallWeek 1Lecture 3October 4Announcements-In class midterm on October 25th-Read Kenez Introduction Outline of Last Lecture I. Important TermsII. How do you Industrialize Late?III. Russian Society IV. The Double CrisisV. The Crisis of 1905VI. The PartiesVII. Peasants and the LandVIII. The Workers 1910-14IX. Summer of 1914Outline of Today’s Lecture I. The IntelligentsiaII. The Workers 1910-14III. Karl MarxIV. Marx’s Stages of HistoryV. Lenin and TrotskyToday’s LectureThe Intelligentsia-Small, educated part of society-Grew with education-Since education did not expand quickly, they never became a significant segment of society-Constantly compared Russia to the West (the center of education)-Two types of intellectuals:A. Defended Russian traditions (minority)i. Russia was a unique country and copying the West was not a good thingB. Radical Westernizers i. One standard – the European standardThe Workers 1910-14These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Radical to begin with especially after the Lena Goldfield massacre- Increasingly violent, restive and susceptible to radical propaganda- Any attempt of reform seemed useless to them Karl Marx- Social Democrats (Mensheviks and Bolsheviks) considered themselves followers of Marx- Marxist thinking aka Dialectical materialism- Dialectics was a branch of 19th century philosophical thinking particularly in Germany- Dialectic means that everything contains positives and negativesA. Example: Podium exists (positive component) and podium does not exist (negative)- Thesis – antithesis – synthesisA. At some point, the negative and positive will collide with each other to produce asynthesis- Historical materialismA. Ideas are only chemical processes in the brain; they do not existB. The opposite of materialism is idealism (Plato)Marx’s stages of history- Marx thought that society could be diagramed with a foundation and a superstructure- He thought that any phase in history would give way to a succession of phases or phasesof history- History was sequential; you can’t skip phases - Feudalism  Capitalism  Socialism- Marx’s historical thinking is linear, sequential- Classes were produced on the basis of ownership / economics A. Those who own B. Those who don’t own who sell their labor to those with propertyC. Once you know the class structure you can predict all other aspects of society (politics, culture, religion, art)- 1) FeudalismA. Mode of production – agricultureB. Classes in feudal society – nobles, peasantsC. You want peasants to believe that suffering is good  it will suddenly all get better when you’re dead and you’re in heaven because you’ve followed God’s commandments D. Tight social controlE. Centralization takes away local powersi. General interests of the nobility is decentralized politics ii. Politics is the result of the ruling class (nobles)F. Efficient way of producing foodG. Contradictions – surplus value (food)i. Merchants buy extra food and sell it elsewhere where the food is scarceH. Urbanization, tradeI. Bourgeoisie -townsmanJ. Wealth vs. Blood- 2) Birth of Capitalism A. Mode of production – trade and industryB. Post-feudal – the bourgeoisie takes over and controls itC. Commercial economy  Trade economyD. Owners – bourgeoisie E. Labor class – proletariat F. Establish new big nation states with a strong centralized government in the capital + pro-business governmentG. French law will protect French businesses from German intrusionsH. Religion as a means of social controli. Adjustments need to be made in religious thinking for a new elite based on moneya. Problem #1 Medieval Christianity priesthood consisted of noblesb. Problem #2 Medieval Catholicism / Christianity emphasized equality; ex: asserted that making unearned profit is sinful i.e. interestii. Protestantism differs from Catholicism because it abolishes priesthood, which the nobles favorI. Capitalism can take you from rags to riches in a few generations without government interferencesJ. Produces more quality things than ever betterK. Without profit there is no capitalismi. Reinvestments in new equipment  technologyL. Theft – the mechanism that drives capitalismi. Rich get richer, poor get poorer M. Progressive improvementN. Boom and busti. The ruling class’s interests will always be maximized in expense of the workersO. By its very own nature, capitalism  large scale wars- 3) Birth of Socialism A. Mode of productions – workersB. Hi-tech / post-technologicali. Machines that make machinesii. For the first time ever, machines can produce enough resources for everyoneiii. Expense has always been based off of scarcity, supply and demandC. Contradictions?i. No private propertya. Notions of money disappears, which means no more ownershipb. In the past private property has always been based on supplyc.  everybody owns everything / nobody owns anythingd.  things don’t have value anymoreii. 1 class = no classes iii. = classless societya. Government is not needed, government has always been a mechanical part of the ruling classiv. =no contradictionsv. =”end of history”a. No more ruling class, no more government Lenin and Trotsky:“Permanent Revolution”- Lenin and Trotsky say that the worker-peasant revolution v. feudalism is going to happen and will skip capitalism and go to socialism A. Led by a dedicated Communist party led by LeninB. Bolshevik view of MarxismC. Menshevik view of Marxism argues that you cannot skip a phase of history- Mensheviks say Lenin is an opportunist, not a Marxist; Mensheviks are the real MarxistsA. Lenin replies that the Mensheviks are only benefiting the bourgeoisie but he is helping the workers and peasantsB. 1917 Lenin wins; the Bolshevik regime is running Russia- Socialism is based on