History 127CGetty2012 FallWeek 5Lecture 10November 1Announcements- Required reading: Darkness at Noon (Koestler) Outline of Last Lecture I. StalinII. Collectivization III. 5 Year PlanIV. “Bolsheviks can storm any fortresses”V. Social TypesVI. Social ConflictsOutline of Today’s Lecture I. Political Grumbling – 1930-34II. Policy ConflictsIII. When Things Go Wrong… / Fear and ScapegoatingIV. Rise of the Hard line, 1936-37 / Who is Suspicious?V. Stalin sides with hard lineVI. Policy Conflicts, 1936VII. EzhovshcinaVIII. Purge of the militaryIX. 1937: Stalin unleashes reds and hard-linersX. A War Of All Against AllXI. Number of Victims 1937-38XII. Stopping the TerrorXIII. Why?Political Grumbling 1930-34- 1934 Party Congress - Congress of Victors – representative of national communistsA. Proclaimed the success of industrialization, collectivization + the promotion of New MenB. Announced that the communists/Stalin’s policies wonC. There was also political grumbling in midst of the happiness - From AboveA. From higher ranks of the administrationB. Responsibility for the famine; questionC. Maybe we should go slower and have fewer accidentsD. Problems with the 5-Year PlanE. Worried about party dictatorshipThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.F. Stalin’s continued leadership?- From BelowA. Why did we have this famine? The regime tried to keep the starvation numbers a secret. B. Low wages, high-handed arbitrary party bossesi. Wages cut for the industryC. Responsibility for the famine. People wanted to know who was responsible for the starvation in the countryside during collectivization. D. The party dictatorshipE. Mass dissatisfaction - Stalinist leadership worried and afraidA. Police infiltration, informantsB. Informers everywhere especially in the secret policeC. Stalin and his inner circle knew about the political grumbling but for now didn’t choose to do anything about itD. They knew that it wouldn’t take much to organize a conspiracy big enough to replace themE. They were particularly worried about the grumbling from below because they were worried about a mass uprisingF. They knew they screwed up and were responsible for the industrial accidents - Even privately, you couldn’t criticize Stalin inside the Central Committee- To criticize Stalin, is to criticize the party and communism- As Stalin’s cult of personality got bigger, the more it became impossible to question his leadership because, to do so, was to question the regime itselfPolicy Conflicts, 1934Hard Line Soft LineThe Opposition EzhovMolotovOrdzhonikidizeIagodaCentralization Zhdanov Party secretariesTempos Molotov OrdzhonikidzeGosplan- Issues were not about what to do or big strategic changes; they were about how to do it / how to organize- Three primary issues / arguments / viewpoints inside the Stalinist leadership: the Opposition, Centralization, Tempos inside- Debates under close doors because it was party tradition since you don’t want the masses to know what the party was arguing about- Argued about what to do with the former oppositionists (the Trotskyists, the Bukharin supporters, etc) A. Still heroes of the revolutionB. Powerful figuresC. Some worked in ministries, some worked as economic advisors, some were teachers, military men, etcD. Forced out of political power, no longer top players but they were still around and had supporters- The opposition - Hard-lineA. Opposition is and will always be disloyalB. Ezhov, upcoming, young bureaucratC. Molotov, Stalin’s right-hand manD. These former oppositionists have spent their lives trying to conspire against the government. Is it possible that they were no longer doing this? They are still dangerousE. Former dissidents- The opposition – soft-lineA. Opposition is not dangerous or threatening. B. There’s nothing they can really do C. These leaders are smart, great organizers, their expertise is needed to get the party and the economy growing and running rightD. OrdzhonikidzeE. Iagoda- Centralization - HardlineA. System has become too decentralized; power needs to be recentralizedB. Problem with disobedienceC. Zhdanov – one of Stalin’s supportD. Power eventually flowed from Moscow to the provincesE. Zhdanov argued that we need to recentralize power, take back the powers of the provincial governments and make sure that everyone obeys them in Moscow- Centralization –Soft lineA. Party secretaries B. Powerful peopleC. Argue that the system is workingD. Collectivization is done, the 5-Year Plan was done- TemposA. 3rd Argument / IssueB. How fast to industrialize? What is the speed?C. First 5-year plan employed high-speed industrialization- Tempos – HardlineA. Molotov advocates to keep the tempos highi. Success emphasis ii. There will be a few mistakes, but faster is always better - Tempos-Soft lineA. OrdzhonikidzeB. GosplanC. These figures advocate for quality v. quantityD. Lets plan slower and better - Stalin refused to pick a positionA. When having to give a speech on the Opposition, Stalin gave a hardline and soft line speech; he straddled all of these positionsWhen Things Go Wrong…Fear and Scapegoating- Scapegoating was a reflex whenever something went wrong – find someone to blame- Accidents, Planned problems into the 1930s- 1933: rise of Hitler and German fascism- 1934: assassination of Kirov, Stalin’s right-hand manA. Who is the assassin?B. Was this assignation organized for some purpose?- 1936: bad harvest, economic slowdown A. Mostly because of weatherB. High food pricesC. How could that be? Collectivization is obviously the right policy?D. Agricultural saboteur?- Wreckers! Sabotage!A. Seems like the obvious answerB. Somebody is deliberately screwing this up- Infiltration of spies!o Germany and Poland (capitalist nations that don’t want the Socialist Soviets to succeed) are next door and both have first class intelligence services- Fascist-Opposition terrorism and sabotage A. Foreign capitalists benefit from failuresB. 1937 the government is discussing a fascist-opposition and sabotageC. All the suspicious elements: terrorist group (Japan-German-Poland)D. Conspiracy theories provide available easy explanations to politicians who can’t question the policies themselvesE. Easier for the population to buy conspiracy theories (new and old peasants)i. Explained all types of disasters in terms of dark