History 127CGetty2012 FallWeek 8Lecture 14November 20Announcements- Required Reading: History of the Soviet Union (Kenez, Ch. 7) - Required Reading: Khrushchev: The Years in Power (Medvedev, all) - No class on Thursday, November 22nd Outline of Last Lecture I. Jan 1942II. Responses to the German InvasionIII. German Occupation PoliciesIV. April 1942V. July 1942VI. Aug 1942VII. Sept-Oct 1942VIII. The Battle of StalingradIX. November 1942X. December 1942XI. Jan. 1943XII. Jan. 31 1943XIII. Feb-June 1943XIV.July 1943XV. Aug-Sept. 1943XVI. Oct. 1943XVII. Mar-July 1944XVIII. July-Sept 1944XIX. The Fall of Berlin: May 1945XX. LosersOutline of Today’s Lecture I. Cold War: Causes III. Wartime PrecedentsIII. Postwar precedentsIV. FDR to Truman..V. Meanwhile in the Pacific VI. Japanese Prepare SurrenderVII. Sequence of events, 1945VIII. Manhattan ProjectIX. Potsdam ConferenceX. Atomic QuestionsXI. Atomic DiplomacyXII. East and West EuropeXIII. Mirror: US rearmament of GermanyXIV. Cold War: Causes IICold War: Causes I- US intervention in Russian Civil War- No recognition until 1934- Distrust over “Second Front”- Two superpowers with opposed ideologies- Two superpowers with opposed goalsA. US: “open door”B. USSR: security sphere- The Atlantic CharterWartime Precedents - 1943: collapse of Italy and “allied control commissions”- Oct. 1944: Stalin and Churchill’s “spheres”- Dec. 1944: British put down Greek revolt; OK with Stalin- Feb. 1945: Yalta- No challenge to spheresA. 1) Self-determination for all peoplesB. 2) Friendly and secure borders- Postwar PrecedentsFDR to Truman- Roosevelt dies April, 1945- Harry Truman becomes President - Truman opposed to “spheres”Meanwhile, in the Pacific- 1943-44: destruction of Japanese shipping- Oct. 1944: destruction of Japanese fleet at Leyte Gulf- By 1944, US producing 5x Japanese arms from summer, 1944: US strategic bombing oil production at 17%; 600 major factories gone 9 million Japanese flee to countrysideJapanese prepare surrender - April 1945: Suzuki peace cabinet- July 1945:A. Emperor orders peaceB. Japan accepts Atlantic CharterC. Insist only on preserving institution of Emperor- US military intelligence fully informed- US insists on “unconditional surrender”A. But eventual terms preserve Emperor????Sequence of Events, 1945- July: Japan will surrender, keeping Emperor, US refuses- Aug. 6: Hiroshima atomic bomb- Aug. 9: Nagasaki atomic bomb- Aug. 10: US accepts Japanese surrender A. Permits Japanese to keep Emperor Manhattan Project- May: Truman toldA. “Reverse Yalta”B. “Get tough on USSR- Potsdam meeting planned for JuneA. First test: JulyB. Truman asks delay of Potsdam- Manhattan team pressured to finishPotsdam Conference- July 15: meeting opens- July 16: A-bomb test- July 18: Truman demandsA. New E. Europe govt’sB. 3-power participation - July 21: Truman tells Stalin about bombAtomic Questions- Why does US not take (eventual) Japanese terms in July?- Why 2 atomic bombs?- Why against cities?- Were they militarily necessary?- If not, why…Atomic Diplomacy- Bomb part of reversal of US policy on USSR- “Open door” policy in East Europe- Reversal of “spheres”- Self-determination part of Atlantic Charter- Stalin: “nuclear blackmail”- Ushers in new age…East and West Europe- East Europe:A. Left shattered in 1930sB. Right in power- Socialist armies occupying territory with strong anti-socialist fores- 1947: Soviets smash non-leftists in East Europe- Anti-socialist armies occupying territory with strong socialist movements- Mirror: End of war in EuropeMirror: US rearmament of Germany- US view: - Barrier against USSR - Germans have a right to an army - Defensive- USSR view:- Former Nazi officers back in command- Same old people, same old uniforms - Offensive Cold War: Causes II- Mutual misperceptionsA. Goals, Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine- Change in US policy at Potsdam- Growing ideological polarizationA. USSR Zhdanovshchina – 1948 - "evil western influences"B. US McCarythyism – 1950 – communist conspiraciesC. Economic incentives to maintain