History 127CGetty2012 FallWeeks: 1 - 3Midterm # 1 Study GuideLectures: 1 - 7Midterm Announcements: - October 25- Bring bluebook and pen; no pencils- You will answer two out of three essay prompts- Midterm essays prompts will cover the following themes:A. Fall of the tsarB. Lenin’s role in 1917C. Bolsheviks coming to powerD. Bolsheviks winning Civil WarE. Long and short-term effects of Civil WarF. Stalin coming to powerG. Reasons for and fall of NEPH. The “Stalin Revolution”Lecture 1 (September 27)Class Overview and Introduction:- This lecture provides an overview of the course material beginning from Nicholas II and ending with Putin. - The primary topics for Lecture 1 include: Nicholas II, Marxist Ideology, February 1917 revolution, Lenin, October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, Civil War, Stalin, World War II, German Occupation of USSR, the Battle of Stalingrad, Soviet Victory over Germany 1945,Stalin’s death, Khrushchev, Yeltsin and Putin. - Nicholas II’s ultimate demise can be linked to his unconsciousness in regards to the internal and external factors/changes that were gradually changing and affecting Russia.- Nicholas II was ineffective as a ruler- The beginning of the revolution reveals how Marxism is changed, adapted and mutated- Lenin was a primary factor to the 1917 revolution and to Bolshevik rise to power and formation. - Bolshevism employed violence as an acceptable means to their end- Stalin was instrumental in transforming Russia into a modern nation that experienced significant, unprecedented economic growth- The confiscation of agriculture  largest famine in human history - Stalin did not tolerate opposition or dissent; thus, important figures in Russian history were no longer included in history if they were a threat to Stalin. These individulas become “un-persons.”- The Soviet Union is especially significant bc they Defeated the Nazi in WWII (biggest war in history) when no one else could and ended the century as one of the two superpowers of the world. Rags to richest story.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Lecture 2 (October 2) Introduction to Russia- This lecture covers the following topics: Important Russian Terms and Russian Background,How To Industrialize Late, Russian Society, The Double Crisis, The Crisis of 1905, the Parties, Peasants and the Land, The Workers 1910-14, Summer of 1914- Historically Russia was governed by an absolute monarchy even after all the other European nations employed some extent of political modernization. - The tsar’s was primarily supported by the nobility- Nicholas II strongly believed in the Romanov dynasty and the transfer of power within his family  anti-reform- Eventually, Nicholas II established the duma, the legislative body. However, the duma was not authorized to pass laws; they simply existed to advise Nicholas II in his decision-making. - The intelligentsia became radicalized due to being restricted from political participation, which was limited to the nobility. - Unlike other labor groups, the Russian labor union was radical from its inception and skipped the reform phase. They aimed to overthrow the government and improve working conditions. - Peasant mentality consisted of cooperation as a means of survival and the basic belief in equality. - In order to industrialize, Russians partnered with foreigners and employed the most modern technology instantly. While they were able to industrialize very quickly, industrialization via foreign investors and partnerships made the Russian government appear as management in the eyes of the workers. - Potatoes helped to increase the peasant population because they were an easy way to feed and nourish the population. Unfortunately, the land available to peasants did not increase alongside their population growth. - “Land Hunger”- The Balkan crisis and the assassination of the Austrian ruler eventually led Russia to fight in WWI. Lecture 3 (October 4)Russia, Marx and Lenin- This lecture covers the following topics: The Intelligentsia, the Workers 1910-14, Karl Marx, Marx’s Stages of History, and Lenin and Trotsky- The Intelligentsia did experience some growth with education, but since education never quickly expanded, the intelligentsia too did not expand significantly socially.- Some factions (minority) of the intelligentsia supported Russian traditions and most factions were radical westernizers. - The workers were susceptible to radical propaganda. Reform was minute to them.- Karl Marx stressed that history was sequential. Feudalism  Capitalism  Socialism- Class formed on the basis of ownership / economics- Each class has a distinct mode of production - Religion was regarded as a means of social control - Lenin and Trotsky supported the worker-peasant revolution. They are criticized by the Mensheviks who claim that Lenin is an opportunist. However, Lenin points that the Mensheviks are not the real Marxists because they are only working in the interests of the bourgeoisie. Lecture 4 (October 9)- This lecture covers: the Russian Revolution, the Schlieffen plan, Early Russian Defeats, Labor and the War, Rising Anger, February 1917, February in Petrograd, February 27: Dual Power, End of a Dynasty, Lenin and Social Demands- Many argue that the Russian Revolution wouldn’t have occurred if it wasn’t for WWI - Bolsheviks became illegal because of their anti-war views. Lenin had labeled the war as an imperialist war. - The government failed partially because they were able to manage the economy and the battlefield simultaneously and because they were not able to articulate to the population that success was viable. - Women became politicized in midst of International Women’s Day (Feb. 23) while also seeking recognition. The atmosphere was combustible on International women’s Day coupled with the coldest winter in decades. - Nicholas II does not figure out something is wrong until Feb. 25. He tries to restore order but the crowds fire back on the police. The Putilov strike shortly occurs following the earlier chaotic events. - Nicholas II is forced to leave the throne. He tries to transfer his power to a family member but he is unable to and the Romanov dynasty consequently ends. - Lenin returns from exile and is frustrated that the revolution was occurring without him. He is determined to incite another revolution to