History 127CGetty20112 FallWeek 3Lecture 6October 16Announcements- Midterm Exam – October 25 (Thursday)- Midterm Exam will be an essay type examA. There will be essay questions on the exam and you will pick two to write on- Sample Midterm Essay Themes/Subjects will be emailed this week- Bring pen and bluebook on Thursday, October 25 for midterm exam- Read Kenez Ch. 3Outline of Last Lecture - Bread! Peace! Land! The Social Revolution- July Days- August - The Kornilov Affair - Party Strength in 1917- September- October Revolution- “Storming the Winter Palace”- Constituent Assembly November 1917- Why the Bolsheviks won- Not why the Bolsheviks wonOutline of Today’s Lecture- Socialism- Lenin and Trotsky: “permanent revolution”- Red and Whites: The Civil War- Why the Reds Won- Civil War Legacies: Bolsheviks - Policy ChangesSocialismB. No private propertyC. 1class = no classesD. = classless societyE. = no contradictionsF. = “end of history”Lenin and Trotsky: “permanent revolution”These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Lenin’s adaptation of Marxism; the revolution would overthrow feudalism and imperialism and the peasants would lead a socialist revolution; thus, skip capitalismo Mensheviks were closest to classical Marxism because they believed that you cannot skip the stages of history- Mensheviks were closest to classical Marxists; they disagreed with Lenin and Trotsky’s “permanent revolution”- Obvious problem: East to say, hard to do - Lenin said the leaders of the revolution were the political parties - Lenin wants a small, highly professional, disciplined group A. Democratic Centralism – the party’s policies B. The Mensheviks and other politicians claim that this was a disaster because a small elite will substitute itself from the party and one guy will substitute himself from the party and force decisions/policies Reds and Whites: The Civil War (1917)- Fight between the Red Army (supporters of the Bolsheviks) and the White army (everyone else)- Bolsheviks primarily found support in Western Russia- Red and White terrorA. Red = BolsheviksB. White = everybody else, including foreign detachmentsC. Real test for Bolshevik popularity; did they have enough support?D. Killing, torturing prisonersE. Sometimes entire villages were shot as a lesson for othersF. No rules for warG. Tortured prisoners- Foreign intervention A. European, American and Japanese (in the side of the Whites) attempted to stop Marxism before it spreadB. Sixteen countries, including US, intervenedC. No western, no capitalist state wanted to see Bolsheviks surviveD. If this “virus” spread, it could spread and undermine capitalism everywhere- DevastationA. Towns lost 1/3 of populationB. Agriculture collapsedC. People fled to the countryside for foodD. Industry shatteredE. Cholera, typhus, famine- The tsar and his family were under house arrest since March of 1917 and supervised by the Provisional Gov’t- The tsar was allowed to take him and his family to England for exile purposes - Tsar and family shot on July 16, 1918- The whites were generally disconnected but if the tsar was to side with the whites this could unify the group, which the Bolsheviks fearedA. Bolshevik leadership rejected the tsar’s liberation - More people in Russia died from the 1918 influenza than in the civil warWhy the Reds Won?- Peasants and the LandA. 80-85% of the country were peasantsB. Russian peasants as late as 1918 (two years after the Revolution) thought that Lenin was the son of Nicholas II and ruled as the tsarC. Politically atypicalD. Understood that the Red army confirmed their hold on their land, and that the Whites did not- Internal linesA. White army attacked from the peripheryB. Benefits from interior lines of communication C. Bolsheviks can easily rush forces/supplies from one side to anotherD. Single territory- White disunityA. Three white armies never agreed on attacking at the same timeB. They were competing with one another C. Terrible military disadvantage- National minorities A. All of these ethnic groups wanted independenceB. More than 90languages were spokenC. Lenin recognized and understood nationalism so he took a distinctive anti-internationalist stand and told the minorities that they could leave RussiaD. Whites wanted to keep the empire together under Russian control i. Patriotism- Many nations sent troops to fight in the Russian Revolution (England, etc) to destroy communism - XenophobiaCivil War Legacies: Bolsheviks- Bitterness against foreigners- Devastation - CHEKAA. Secret policeB. Considered a wartime necessaryC. “Siege Mentality,” legacy of violence as policyi. By all means necessaryA. Its job was to rule out espionage, sabotage, treason, conspiracyB. Mandate was hunt infiltrators, saboteurs, spies, etcC. Initial mandate was very broadD. Could arrest, imprison, try, execute without any lawyers, trial, etcE. Reflected Bolshevik desperation and wartime paranoia in the civil warF. Produces a legacy of violence in the Bolshevik mentality as a means to solve political problems - Party Discipline and unityA. Civil War convinced the Bolsheviks of the absolute necessity for party discipline and unity (Democratic Centralism) because of all the violence and infiltration from the enemiesB. “Ban on fractions” (1921)  After a party decides something, no more debatingC. United political leadershipD. Temporarily, during wartime emergency, there could be no other political party- Ban on other political parties - Suspend Freedom of press, assemblyA. Can’t afford dissent- CentralizationA. Centralization of industry B. Workers’ control to one-man management C. The units would elect their own officersD. In the factories, workers would form committees to decide what to produce, when to produce, etcE. In a war effort, you need discipline, coordination, not election and/or democracyF. Bolsheviks back away from their democratic stance of 1917 and become centralizers in the economy and the armyPolicy Changes- “War Communism” 1918-20 A. Party’s economic policy B. Abolished the free marketC. Nationalizes everything in the industry, commerce, etcD. Ran everything via state control and state planningE. The Red Army became the highest priority  grain seizuresi. Grain seizures  Peasants revolt in 1920 in various provinces because they wanted to see their