1Chapter 3Social CognitionI. Social CognitionA. Application of Cognitive Psychological Perspective to Social Psychological Phenomenon.B. The Information Processing Metaphor1. Previous Metaphors in Social Psychology- People as Consistency Seekers (Heider, Festinger)- People as Naive Scientists (Kelly, Jones & Davis)22. People as Information Processors (computers)- The Flow chartSensory Register = Filters out irrelevant sensory information. Is directed by Central Processor which directs attention.A. Sensation = sensory cells react to environmental / proprioceptive stimuli and transmit information to the brain.3- STM = Short Term Memory (7 +/- 2)B. Encoding = when information is passed on from the SR to STM-Elaboration = when information is maintained and/or manipulated in the STM - LTM = Long Term Memory : Contains our Mental Representations of the world.C. Storage = when information is passed on from STM to LTMD. Retrieval = when information is passed from LTM to STM4- Executive Processor - Directs Attention, Provides Rules and Strategies for processing information- Behavior is the result of Conscious and Preconscious processes. E. Feedback Loop= your own behavior serves as a source of stimuliA. Sensation = Sensory Information is passed to the Sensory RegisterB. Encoding = Information passed to STMElaboration = Information maintained/manipulated in STMC. Storage = Information passed to LTMD. Retrieval = Information passed from LTM to STME. Feedback = Behavior becomes stimuli to be evaluated53. Automatic vs. Controlled Processing– Controlled Processing = Effortful, Intentional, Serial, Saps Cognitive Resources. - Cognitive Load will interfere with Controlled Processes– Automatic Processing = Effortless, May be Unintentional, Parallel, Does Not Sap Cognitive Resources. - Over-learned activities will become automatic- Cognitive Load will increase the reliance on Automatic ProcessesGroup 1The ________ Story6Group 2The Photo Copy StoryGroup 3The LaundryStory7Quiz:Write down each step of the procedure that you remember.1. How many Correct Steps remembered?Group 1Group 2Group 32. How many Incorrect Steps Included?Group 1Group 2Group 3Quiz-1. Distinguish Automatic from Controlled Processing. 2. What phone number were you asked to remember on Wed?831-5521If I get drunk on my 21stbirthday, I can’t drive 55.8C. Schemas1) Schema (plural Schemata vs Schemas) = a highly organized abstract mental representation of a particular event, group, person, or topic. - Abstract = it is a generalization based on specific pieces of informatione.g. Italian Restaurant ScripGroup StereotypesBird Prototype3) Function of Schemasa. Generate Expectancies - help resolve ambiguity (filling in the gaps)b. Guide Attention and Encoding (a result of expectancies)- look for information that we expect to find (Schema consistent information).- often ignore or don’t notice schema incongruent or irrelevant info.- Extremely schema incongruent information may capture our attention.9Group 1Ocean Moon TreeBuilding Chair SaltSand FireGroup 2Smile Face LipsCheerful Teeth Party Eyes Happy103) Function of Schemasc. Influence Elaboration & Storage- If formation that is attended to may be interpreted and stored with respect to one’s schema.d. Influence Retrieval - Schemas guide retrieval of specific information- Laundry Detergent?- Priming – Temporary Increase in Accessibility- Schemas can cause us to retrieve information that was never experienced- Retrieval of Congruent vs. Incongruent Information- Default (bias) is to retrieve schema congruent information- Depends on whether we are asked to make use of the incongruent information.3) Automatic Schemataa)- Frequently activated schema may become chronically accessible (Higgins).- they are active even when we are not aware of them- they are more likely to be activated than other schemas. - they may be active even when they are not appropriate (as is the case with negative stereotyping).11b) - Perseverance Effect - Well Learned Schemata are resistant to change.b1-Summative Nature = large bodies of info dilute the influence of a single piece of new info. b2-Subtyping - Extremely Schema incongruent information may be categorized into its own schema rather than resulting in change of the existing schema.- College professor Schema- intelligent, old, boring, serious, plain looking- Schema Incongruent Professor- intelligent, young, energetic, funny, extremely attractive.- Results in a Young College Professor Subtype. c)- Self-Fulfilling Prophesy (Merton, 1948)- Self-Confirming/fulfilling Nature of Schemas.- Behavioral Confirmation of Stereotypes (Snyder)- Confirmatory Hypothesis Testing (Text)- When we hold a set of expectations about other people’s behavior, then we may behave in ways that make others act out our expectations.12c1) Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968) -- Gave Teachers False Feedback regarding student’s “IQ”. Randomly selected “Bloomers” from each class.- 8 months later, “Bloomers” showed greater increase in IQ.10 pt IQ gain 20 pt IQ gain 30 pt IQ gain01020304050607080"Bloomers" Other StudentsY axis represents Percent of StudentsRosenthal & Jacobson (1968)- Followup studies (Jussim 1989; Meichenbaum et al. 1969) identified differences in teachers behavior toward “Bloomers”1) Warmer Socioemotional Climate2) Gave more feedback to Bloomers3) Challenged Bloomers More4) Gave Bloomers Greater Opportunity to Respond13c2) - Snyder, Tanke, & Bersheid (1977)- males given 1 of 2 photos (½ attractive, ½unattractive) randomly distributed.- had telephone conversation with a female (males believe she is the one in the photo).- Prior to call- male given attractive photo expected to meet socially poised, humorous, and social adept people- male given unattractive photo expected to meet unsociable, awkward, serious, and socially inept people.- During the call- attractive photo = males behaved with warmth, friendliness, humor, and animation- unattractive photo = males were cold, uninteresting, and reserved.- Female’s Behavior- attractive photo = friendly, likeable, and sociable.- unattractive photo = cool, aloof, and distant.- Anderson and Bem did this with females getting the photo of the males = Same Results14D. The Cognitive Miser Metaphor.- Though we may be Information Processors, the processing we do is incomplete and potentially error prone.- Thought takes effort/Cognitive Resources. We are stingy when it comes to expending effortful