Chapter: Chapter 06: Memory Strategies and MetacognitionMultiple Choice1. Which of the following research topics has implications concerning the use of memory improvement strategies?a) divided attention b) levels of processing c) encoding specificity d) All of the above are correct. Ans: dFeedback: See pages 172 - 1742. According to the total time hypothesis, the amount of material a person learns depends on the total amount of time he or she:a) devotes to learning the material. b) devotes to learning new mnemonic strategies. c) spends daydreaming about the task. d) engages in dreaming the night before a test. Ans: aFeedback: See page 1763. Which of the following is NOT a memory strategy suggest by your textbook for emphasizing practice?a) The Beneficial Multitasking Effectb) The Testing Effectc) The Distributed-Practice Effectd) The Total-Time HypothesisAns: aFeedback: See pages 176 - 1774. The testing effect refers to the finding that:a) taking a test is an excellent way to enhance a person’s long-term recall of academic material. b) evidence for the total time hypothesis relies mainly on laboratory tests of long-term memory. c) a person who takes a test is likely to misremember information later if he or she makes many mistakeson the test. d) mnemonics are of little or no use when a person is taking a test on some academic material. Ans: aFeedback: See page 1775. The general term referring to the use of mental strategies to improve a person’s memory is:a) imagery. b) total time. c) self-reference. d) mnemonics.Ans: dFeedback: See page 178 6. Mnemonics are devices to improve memory. Which of the following did your book suggest is a usefulmnemonic technique?a) imageryb) organizationc) forced) Both A and B.Ans: dFeedback: See pages 178 - 1827. Which of the following aspects plays an important role in the success of memory-improvement techniques?a) imagery b) organization c) chunking d) All of the above are correct. Ans: dFeedback: See pages 179 - 1828. In an early experiment (Bower & Winzenz, 1970), people were asked to learn pairs of words (e.g., soap-mermaid). Some people were told to repeat the pairs silently to themselves (repetition condition), whereas other people were told to construct an image of the two words in vivid interaction with each other (imagery condition). A major finding was that:a) people in the repetition condition studied for relatively less total time because they found the task tedious and difficult. b) people in the imagery condition studied for relatively less total time because they found the task tedious and difficult. c) people in the repetition condition subsequently recalled more of the items than did people in the imagery condition. d) people in the imagery condition subsequently recalled more of the items than did people in the repetition condition. Ans: dFeedback: See page 1799. Examples of mnemonics that emphasize the important role of organization include using:a) the keyword method, the method of loci, and distribution of practice. b) chunking, hierarchies, the first-letter technique, and the narrative technique. c) a shopping list, an alarm clock, a Post-it note, and a personal data assistant. d) the "three Ms"--metacognition, metamemory, and mindfulness. Ans: bFeedback: See pages 180 - 18210. The term prospective memory refers to:a) remembering a past event, such as something you did last night. b) remembering a fact that will be explicitly tested in the future. c) remembering to do something in the future. d) All of the above are correct. Ans: cFeedback: See page 18311. What subtype of long-term memory is associated with remembering to do something in the future?a) episodic memoryb) implicit memoryc) prospective memoryd) semantic memoryAns: cFeedback: See pages 183 - 18512. The use of an external memory aid (such as a shopping list, an alarm clock, a Post-it note, or a personal data assistant) is especially helpful in a situation that involves:a) retrospective memory. b) prospective memory. c) proactive interference. d) retroactive interference. Ans: bFeedback: See page 18513. The term metacognition is used to refer in a general way to a person's:a) knowledge about different kinds of mnemonic techniques. b) awareness of the limited-capacity nature of the components of working memory. c) knowledge and control of his or her cognitive processes. d) knowledge of facts, principles, and techniques in a particular domain of expertise. Ans: cFeedback: See page 18814. A person’s knowledge of, monitoring of and control over their own memory is known as a) metacognitionb) metacomprehensionc) metamemoryd) metacontrolAns: cFeedback: See page 18915. In one recent study (Dunning and his coauthors, 2003), students took a sophomore-level psychology test, and then they estimated the score that they thought they had obtained. The results showed that:a) all students were underconfident in estimating how well they had done.b) all students were overconfident in estimating how well they had done. c) students with above-average scores estimated their scores fairly accurately, but students with below-average scores were overconfident in estimating how well they had done. d) students with above-average scores were overconfident in estimating how well they had done, but students with below-average scores estimated their scores fairly accurately. Ans: cFeedback: See page 19016. Metamemory, such as your knowledge of your knowledge of psychology while you are studying for a test isa) better after a few minutes delay.b) always accurate.c) most accurate when assessed immediately after studying.d) atrocious.Ans: aFeedback: See pages 191 - 19217. Compared to people without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), people with ADHD are:a) no more likely to overestimate their total score on memory tests. b) more poorly calibrated than people without ADHD when estimating their memory performance on an item-by-item basis. c) spend much less time than necessary studying items they already know, and much more time studyingitems they have not yet mastered. d) All of the above are correct. Ans: aFeedback: See pages 192 - 19318. When students are allowed to study various items at their own pace, they tend to spend:a) an equal amount of time studying items they already know and studying items they have not yet mastered. b) more time studying items they already know and less time studying items they have not yet mastered. c) more time than necessary studying items they