Slide 1Background on Visual Object RecognitionBackground on Visual Object RecognitionSlide 4Background on Visual Object RecognitionBackground on Visual Object RecognitionBackground on Visual Object RecognitionBackground on Visual Object RecognitionBackground on Visual Object RecognitionBackground on Visual Object RecognitionTop-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionTop-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionTop-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionTop-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionSlide 15Top-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionInsert Figure 2.6 hereTop-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionTop-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionTop-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionTop-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionTop-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionTop-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionFace PerceptionFace PerceptionFace PerceptionFace PerceptionSlide 28Speech PerceptionSpeech PerceptionSpeech PerceptionSpeech PerceptionSpeech PerceptionSpeech PerceptionSpeech PerceptionSpeech PerceptionSpeech PerceptionCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Cognition, 8eChapter 2 Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory RecognitionCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Background on Visual Object Recognitionobject recognitionpattern recognitionCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Background on Visual Object RecognitionThe Visual Systemdistal stimulusproximal stimulusRetinaFunctional stimulussensory memoryiconic memory, visual sensory memoryprimary visual cortexCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Background on Visual Object RecognitionOrganization in Visual PerceptionGestalt Psychologyfiguregroundambiguous figure-ground relationshipExplanation for Figure-Ground Reversal1. adaptation of neurons in visual cortex2. people try to solve the visual paradoxCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Background on Visual Object RecognitionOrganization in Visual PerceptionIllusory Contours (subjective contours)Human perception is more than the sum of the information in the distal stimulus.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Background on Visual Object RecognitionTheories of Visual Object RecognitiontemplatesFeature-Analysis Theorydistinctive featurecompare new letter to stored list of distinctive featuresCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Background on Visual Object RecognitionTheories of Visual Object RecognitionFeature-Analysis TheoryEleanor Gibson's research•time required to decide if two letters are different•recognizing letters and numbers on envelopesCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Background on Visual Object RecognitionTheories of Visual Object RecognitionFeature-Analysis TheoryHubel and Wiesel's research•measure response of single neuron to simple visual stimulus•retinal region and orientation•feature detectorsCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Background on Visual Object RecognitionTheories of Visual Object RecognitionFeature-Analysis TheoryProblems with feature-analysis approach•complex shapes in nature•relationship between features•distortion of features with movementCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Top-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionThe Distinction Between Bottom-Up Processing and Top-Down Processingbottom-up processing—emphasizes stimulus characteristicstop-down processing—emphasizes concepts, expectations, memoryCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Top-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionThe Distinction Between Bottom-Up Processing and Top-Down Processing•Top-down processing is strong when a stimulus is registered for just a fraction of a second.•Top-down processing is also strong when stimuli are incomplete or ambiguous.•Object recognition combines bottom-up and top-down processing.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Top-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionTop-Down Processing and ReadingContext helps us recognize letters of the alphabet during reading.We don't read letter-by-letter.Analyzing all the individual features in the letters of words would be too much work for the perceptual processes.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Top-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionTop-Down Processing and ReadingWe can still manage to read a sentence, even if some of the middle letters in a word have been rearranged.word superiority effectCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Top-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionTop-Down Processing and ReadingThe context of a sentence facilitates the recognition of a word in a sentence.•Rueckl and Oden's bears/beans experiment•Both bottom-up and top-down processing operate in a coordinated fashion.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Insert Figure 2.6 hereCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Top-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionIn Depth: Overactive Top-Down Processing and "Smart Mistakes" in Object RecognitionChange Blindnessfail to detect a change in an object or a sceneSimons and Levin's stranger-and-the-door studyCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Top-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionIn Depth: Overactive Top-Down Processing (continued)Change BlindnessDetecting the difference between two scenes •Top-down processing encourages us to assume that the basic meaning of the scene will remain stable.•important changes identified more quickly•do not store a detailed representation of a sceneCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Top-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionIn Depth: Overactive Top-Down Processing (continued)Inattentional Blindnessfail to notice when an unexpected but completely visible object suddenly appearsSimons and Chabris's basketball studyawareness testmonkeybusinessCognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Top-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionIn Depth: Overactive Top-Down Processing (continued)Reconciling "Smart Mistakes" in Object Recognition•ecological validity•Perceptual representations change rapidly; the visual system does not track each detail.Cognition, 8e by Margaret W. Matlin Chapter 2Top-Down Processing and Visual Object RecognitionIn Depth: Overactive Top-Down Processing (continued)Reconciling "Smart Mistakes" in Object Recognition•The visual system is fairly