Chapter: Chapter 09: Language I: Introduction to Language and Language ComprehensionMultiple Choice1. The interdisciplinary field that studies how people use language to communicate ideas is called:a) cultural communication. b) ideation. c) psycholinguistics. d) social linguistics. Ans: cFeedback: See page 2982. Which of the following is the basic unit for spoken language?a) memeb) graphemec) phonemed) morphemeAns: cFeedback: See page 2983. Which of the following is the basic unit for meaning of language?a) memeb) graphemec) phonemed) morphemeAns: dFeedback: See page 2984. Language may be understood at several levels. From smaller units to larger units, these levels are:a) morpheme, word, syntax, phoneme. b) phoneme, morpheme, grammar, syntax. c) deep structure, word, morpheme, surface structure. d) phonon, morphon, word, klingon. Ans: bFeedback: See pages 298 - 2995. The basic linguistic unit that conveys meaning is the:a) phoneme b) grapheme c) morpheme d) word Ans: cFeedback: See page 2986. It is still not known exactly which linguistic principles apply universally and which do not, mainly because:a) it is virtually impossible to study language in a scientific way. b) the study of language and language only about 10 years old. c) most research has been focused only on the English language. d) All of the above are correct. Ans: cFeedback: See page 2997. The grammatical rules of language are known as a) syntax.b) rigid.c) pliable.d) graphemes.Ans: aFeedback: See page 2998. According to the most famous linguist (Chomsky, 1957, 2003, 2006):a) all humans have an innate understanding of the abstract principles of language. b) the structure of all human languages is based on very simple rules. c) children learn the language to which they are exposed solely by imitation. d) All of the above are correct. Ans: aFeedback: See page 3019. Issues concerning the deep structure (or core meaning) of language relate most closely to:a) highly complex procedural memory skills. b) the issue of localization of function in the brain. c) the underlying, abstract meaning of the sentence.d) the formation and use of visual imagery coding. Ans: cFeedback: See pages 301 - 30210. Which of the following sentences has two possible deep-structure meanings?a) "The girl went to school." b) "His cooking is excellent." c) "The weather is hot and dry." d) "They are cooking apples." Ans: dFeedback: See page 30211. Which of the following is an example of a negative word, the inclusion of which will make the sentence more difficult to understand?a) nonb) no c) rejectd) All of the above are correct.Ans: dFeedback: See page 30412. People are able to process the meaning of a sentence best if it is:a) an affirmatively worded sentence in the active voice. b) an affirmatively worded sentence in the passive voice. c) an affirmatively worded sentence containing a nested structure. d) a negatively worded sentence in the passive voice. Ans: aFeedback: See page 30413. When a reader encounters a potentially ambiguous word in a sentence:a) neural activation initially increases all common meanings of the word. b) the reader usually pauses before moving his or her eyes to the next word. c) people resolve the correct meaning by using contextual information (i.e., the rest of the sentence. d) All of the above are correct. Ans: dFeedback: See pages 305 - 30614. In ________, the patient has difficulty with verbal communication.a) agraphiab) aphasiac) alexiad) dyscalculiaAns: bFeedback: See page 30815. In which type of aphasia does the patient have difficulty producing fluent speech?a) Wernicke’s aphasiab) Broca’s aphasiac) Conduction aphasiad) Mixed expressive-receptive aphasiaAns: bFeedback: See pages 308 - 30916. In which type of aphasia does the patient have difficulty comprehending speech?a) Wernicke’s aphasiab) Broca’s aphasiac) Conduction aphasiad) Mixed expressive-receptive aphasiaAns: aFeedback: See pages 308 - 30917. In the 1800s, researchers discovered that language involves localized brain areas that perform different functions. This early evidence came from:a) observations that people may suffer from at least two different kinds of aphasia. b) measurement of regional cerebral blood flow while people performed linguistic tasks. c) studies of chimpanzees who had portions of their brains destroyed in experiments. d) observations by linguists that surface and deep brain structures are involved in language. Ans: aFeedback: See page 30918. The typical result of damage to an area in the left cerebral hemisphere called Broca's area is speech that is:a) lacking in appropriately positive emotional tone. b) hesitant, effortful, and grammatically simple. c) fluent, but entirely void of syntax and meaning. d) indistinguishable from the speech of schizophrenics. Ans: bFeedback: See pages 308 - 30919. The typical result of damage to an area in the left cerebral hemisphere called Wernicke's area is impairment in:a) the ability to suppress inappropriate emotional responses to words. b) speaking fluently, with little or no loss in conveying the meaning intended. c) generating a visual image of something when presented the word (e.g., apple). d) producing unconfused speech, as well as in understanding speech. Ans: dFeedback: See page 309 20. Although the left hemisphere of the brain performs most of the work in language processing for the vast majority of people, the right hemisphere plays an important role in:a) linguistic tasks such as interpreting the emotional tone of a message. b) specific processing of individual constituent phonemes in a message. c) dividing complex words into their more simple meanings (disambiguation). d) selecting the most probable interpretation of a speech sound (phoneme). Ans: aFeedback: See page 31121. During the last decade, neurolinguistics researchers have increasingly studied the localization of language-comprehension areas in the brain using a technique called:a) noninvasive surgical excision (NSE). b) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). c) treadmill linguistic activity (TLA). d) computer-controlled chatting (CCC).Ans: bFeedback: See page 31122. The “language-localizing task” identifiesa) the right hemisphere language areas for a group of subjects.b) the right hemisphere language areas for an individual.c) the left hemisphere language areas for an individual.d) the left hemisphere language areas for a group of subjects.Ans: cFeedback: See page 31223. Experiments investigating reading